问题 名词解释

主导产业和支柱产业

答案

参考答案:

主导产业是指在区域经济增长中起组织和带动作用的产业。它有两个主要功能:生产规模大,产品输出率高且在全国同类产品中占有较高比重,是开展区际分工的主体;产业关联效应强,能够组织和带动相关产业发展,并可能波及整个区域经济活动。

支柱产业是指在区域经济增长中对总量扩张影响大或所占比重高的产业。但,在全国的同类产业中所占比重却较小,或者与其它区域的同类产业相比并不具备发展的优势,产品输出率低,不能发挥区际分工的作用,不具有主导产业的功能。

二者之间的区别与联系:主导产业的产品输出率高且在全国同类产品中占有较高比重,是开展区际分工的主体;且产业关联效应强,能够组织和带动相关产业发展。支柱产业没有这种功能;但是,它们都是在区域经济增长中对总量扩张影响大或所占比重高的产业。

多项选择题
单项选择题

This week marks the 10th anniversary of the Alar apple scare, in which many American consumers were driven into a panic following the release of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples containing the chemical Alar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers. The report was disseminated through a PR (Problem Report) campaign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer review. Introduced to the American public by CBS "60 Minutes", the unsubstantiated claims in the report led some school districts to remove apples from their school lunch programs and unduly frightened conscientious parents trying to develop good eating habits for their children.

Last month, Consumers Union released a report warning consumers of the perils of consuming many fruits and vegetables that frequently contained "unsafe" levels of pesticide residues. This was especially true for children, they claimed. Like its predecessor 10 years earlier, the Consumers Union report received no legitimate scientific peer review and the public’s first exposure to it was through news coverage.

Not only does such reporting potentially drive children for consuming healthful fruits and vegetables, the conclusions were based on a misleading interpretation of what constitutes a "safe" level of exposure. Briefly, the authors used values known as the "chronic reference doses", set by the U. S. environmental Protection Agency, as their barometers of safely. Used appropriately, these levels represent the maximum amount of pesticide that could be consumed daily for life without concern. For a 70-year lifetime, for example, consumers would have to ingest this average amount of pesticide every day for more than 25,000 days. It is clear, as the report points out, that there are days on which kids may be exposed to more; it is also clear that there are many more days when exposure is zero. Had the authors more appropriately calculated the cumulative exposures for which the safety standards are meant to apply, there would have been no risks and no warnings.

Parents should feel proud, rather than guilty, of providing fruits and vegetables for their children. It is well established that a diet rich in such foods decreases the risk of heart disease and cancer. Such benefits dramatically overwhelm the theoretical risks of tiny amounts of pesticides in food. So keep serving up the peaches, apples, squash, grapes and pears.

The "chronic reference doses" (in boldface in Paragraph 3) refer to ().

A. the safe levels of pesticide exposure

B. the amount of fruits one can safely eat

C. one’s digestive capacity for fruits

D. health values of fruits and vegetables