问题 计算题

如图3-3-11所示,在升降机中,用水平方向的力将质量为0.2 kg的物块压在竖直的墙壁上,物块与墙壁间的动摩擦因数μ=0.4.

图3-3-11

(1)当升降机以2 m/s2的加速度匀加速上升时,至少要以多大的力F′才能保持物块相对升降机静止?

(2)当升降机以5 m/s2的加速度朝下加速运动时,又要以多大的力F′才能保持物块相对升降机静止?(取g=10 m/s2)

答案

(1)6 N (2)2.5 N

(1)当升降机以2 m/s2的加速度匀加速上升时,物块受到水平向左的力F和墙壁对物块的弹力N的作用且平衡,即FN

竖直方向物块受重力mg和摩擦力f的作用,由牛顿第二定律列方程:fmgma

代入数据,得:fm(ag)=2.4 N,即f至少要2.4 N

当静摩擦力等于最大静摩擦力,即ffmμN时,N最小,F最小,代入数据:得:F=6 N.

(2)当升降机以5 m/s2的加速度匀加速下降时,物块受到水平向左的力F′和墙壁对物块的弹力N′的作用且平衡,即F′=N

竖直方向物块受重力mg和摩擦力f′的作用,由牛顿第二定律列方程:mgf′=ma

代入数据,得f′=m(ga′)=1.0 N

当静摩擦力等于最大静摩擦力,即f′=fm′=μN′时,N′最小,F′最小,代入数据:得:F′=2.5 N.

答案:(1)6 N (2)2.5 N

阅读理解

D

THE situation seemed hopeless.

From the day he started at my junior-high,Willard P.Franklin lived in his own world,shutting out his classmates and me, his teacher.My attempts at establishing a friendly relationship with him were met with complete indifference(冷淡).Even a “Good Morning Willard” received only a very low grunt(咕哝).I could see that his classmates got on no better Willard was completely a loner who seemed to have no desire or need to break his barrier(障碍)of silence.

Shortly after the Thanksgiving holiday,we received word of the annual Christmas collection of money for the less fortunate people in our school district.

“Christmas is a season of giving,” I told my students.“There are a few students in the school who might not have a happy holiday season.By contributing to our Christmas collection,you will help buy food,clothing and toys for these needy people.We start the collection tomorrow.”

When I called for the contributions the next day,I discovered that almost everyone had forgotten,except for Willard P. Franklin.The boy dug deep into his pants pockets as he walked up to my desk.Carefully, he dropped two quarters into the small container.

“I don’t need any milk for lunch,” he said very quietly. For a moment,just a moment, he smiled.Then he turned and walked back to his desk.

That night,after school.I took our meager contributions to the school principal(校长).I couldn’t help sharing the incident that had taken place.

“I may be wrong,but I believe Willard might be getting ready to become a part of the world around him,”I told the principal.

“Yes, I believe it sounds hopeful.”he nodded.“And I think we might do well to have him share a bit of his world with us.I just received a list of the poor families in our school who most need help through the Christmas collection.Here, take a look at it.”

As I gazed down to read.I discovered Willard P. Franklin and his family were the top names on the list.

72. From the second paragraph, we can see that the teacher___________

A. established a friendly relationship with Willard

B. tried hard to pull Willard out of his own world

C. found Willard got on better with his classmates

D. was positive that Willard would gradually open his heart

73. What do we learn about the collection of money at Christmas?

A. It is intended for the poor families in their school district.

B. Everyone except Willard was willing to contribute to the Christmas collection.

C. Students were encouraged to buy food, clothing and toys for needy people.

D. It is collected every year to celebrate the Thanksgiving holiday.

74. What does the underlined word 'meager' in Paragraph 7 mean?

A. Great.     B. Generous.      C. Huge.      D. Small

75. Which of the following can best describe Willard?

A. Poor but proud.        B. Lonely but loving.

C. Indifferent and sad.     D. Bright and hopeful.

名词解释