问题 问答题

随着材料科学的发展,金属钒及其化合物得到了越来越广泛的应用,并被誉为“合金的维生素”.为回收利用含钒催化剂(含有V2O5、VOSO4及不溶性残渣),科研人员最新研制了一种离子交换法回收钒的新工艺,回收率达91.7%以上.部分含钒物质在水中的溶解性如下表所示:

物质VOSO4V2O5NH4VO3(VO22SO4
溶解性可溶难溶难溶易溶

请回答下列问题:

(1)23V在元素周期表位于第______周期______族.工业上由V2O5冶炼金属钒常用铝热剂法,其用化学方程式表示为______.

(2)反应①的目的是______.

(3)该工艺中反应③的沉淀率(又称沉矾率)是回收钒的关键之一,写出该步发生反应的离子方程式______.

(4)用酸化的H2C2O4溶液滴定(VO22SO4溶液,以测定反应②后溶液中含钒量,写出配平后完整的离子方程式.

______VO2++______H2C2O4+______H+→______VO2++______ CO2+______.

(5)经过热重分析测得:NH4VO3在焙烧过程中,固体质量的减少值(纵坐标)随温度变

化的曲线如右图所示.则NH4VO3在分解过程中______.

A.先分解失去H2O,再分解失去NH3

B.先分解失去NH3,再分解失去H2O

C.同时分解失去H2O和NH3

D.同时分解失去H2、N2和H2O.

答案

(1)钒核外电子排布式为1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2,处于d区,故钒处于第四周期第ⅤB族;铝与五氧化二钒反应生成钒与氧化铝,反应方程式为3V2O5+10Al 

 高温 
.
 
6V+5Al2O3

故答案为:四;VB;3V2O5+10Al 

 高温 
.
 
6V+5Al2O3

(2)加入硫酸和亚硫酸钠,目的是利用氧化还原反应,用亚硫酸钠还原V2O5,将V2O5 转化为可溶性的VOSO4,便于提纯,

故答案为:将V2O5 转化为可溶性的VOSO4

(3)根据NH4VO3难溶于水,利用复分解反应沉淀VO3-,离子方程式为:NH4++VO3-=NH4VO3↓,

故答案为:NH4++VO3-=NH4VO3↓;

(4)测定反应②溶液中钒的含量,可用已知浓度的酸化H2C2O4溶液滴定(VO22SO4溶液,主要产物为CO2和VOSO4,根据化合价升降,写出的离子方程为2VO2++H2C2O4+2H+=2 VO2++2 CO2↑+2 H2O,

故答案为:2;1;2;2;2;2H2O;

(5)根据NH4VO3在焙烧变化的图象可知:

2NH4VO3═V2O5+2NH3↑+H2O

234g          34g    18g

减少值开始为0~17g,曲线到200℃时(约为16.0g)曲线开始平直;到约为300℃时又开始减少(H2O的质量),到350℃时减少24g时就不再变化,所以NH4VO3在焙烧过程中200℃时左右先失去氨;在300~350℃再失去水,

故答案为:B.

完形填空
“Get up, get up, Jim. It’s time to get up!” mother said while she was   1  me. I opened my eyes and looked at the clock. “Oh, dear! It’s a quarter to eight already. I’ll be late for school again,” I thought. I  2    out of the bed, washed my face, and then hurried to the bus stop without breakfast. As soon as I   3 the bus, it started running. “I’m sure I can get to school in time,” I said to myself. Suddenly the bus stopped. The bus driver got off the bus, then got on the bus again and said, “I’m sorry, ladies and gentlemen. There’s   4 wrong with the bus. Please get off the bus and wait for another one. ” “I couldn’t wait. The school is not   5 . I’d better run to school,” I thought, and then I began to run. But before I got to school, it began to   6    heavily.
When I  7    the classroom, I was wet shivering (发抖) with cold. The physics teacher had already begun his lesson. It was Mr Smith. He was about fifty years old. All the students were a little afraid of him and—so was I. I liked neither him nor his physics lessons. I hesitated (犹豫) for a moment, and then I opened the door. “I’m very sorry, Mr Smith. I'm late again,” I said with a red face.
“It’s you again, Jim,” Mr Smith said  8  , “I’ve told you not to be late, but you... ” He suddenly stopped and looked at my wet clothes. He turned to   9  and said, “I’m very sorry, my boys and girls,”  With these words he quickly took off his own jacket and handed it to me. “Now, take off your wet coat and put this one on, or you'll catch cold. ” he said kindly.
I went to my seat with Mr Smith’s jacket on. It was a bit larger for me but I felt very  10   in it. I found, for the first time, physics was so interesting and how well I could understand it!
小题1:
A.catchingB.touchingC.pushingD.helping
小题2:
A.jumped B.movedC.gotD.ran
小题3:
A.got offB.got onC.got toD.got in
小题4:
A.everythingB.nothingC.anythingD.something
小题5:
A.farB.nearC.bigD.small
小题6:
A.shineB.snowC.rainD.blow
小题7:
A.enteredB.reachedC.sawD.left
小题8:
A.slowlyB.quietlyC.happilyD.angrily
小题9:
A.meB.the classC.the boysD.the girls
小题10:
A.coldB.excitedC.warmD.nervous
名词解释