问题 问答题

在当今世界,研制各种机器都必需考虑节约能源和治理废气污染这一重要课题.在内燃机中,废气带走了很多能量,如果能将这些能量再利用起来,会使内燃机的效率提高许多.某工厂科研人员研制生产的四冲程汽车专用柴油发动机,就采用了很多新技术.其中最重要的一项叫“增压”技术,它是利用“废气涡轮增压器”使排气冲程中排出的高温、高压的废气去冲击“废气涡轮”高速旋转,它同时又带动同轴的进气系统中的“进气涡轮”也高速旋转,从而增加吸气冲程的进气量并增大进气气压,使做功冲程中柴油燃烧的更充分,燃气压强更大,同时也减少了废气中的有害物质,达到提高柴油发动机效率和减少废气污染的目的.这种柴油发动机有6个气缸,气缸直径为110mm,活塞行程为135mm,当转速为2300r/min时,发动机功率为220kW,最低油耗可达240g/(kW•h),柴油的热值为4.3×107J/kg.请回答下列问题:

(1)该柴油发动机的效率最高可达多少?

(2)在做功冲程中气缸内的平均压强是多少?

(3)如果将我国这种机型的汽车柴油发动机都安装“增压器”后,能使它们的平均效率由原来约31%提高到近35%,安装前按每年消耗3亿吨柴油估算,这项技术每年能为我国节约多少吨柴油?

(4)如果目前我国柴油的平均价格为3750元/吨,根据上面的估算结果,计算使用“增压”技术后仅节约柴油一项可使我国每年节约多少资金.由此你有哪些认识?

答案

(1)240g/kW•h表示获得1kW•h电能消耗240g柴油,

所以柴油机工作时获得的有用功为:W=1kW•h=3.6×106J,

消耗240g的柴油完全燃烧放出的热量为:Q=mq=0.24kg×4.3×107J/kg=1.032×107J,

所以柴油机的效率为:

η=

W
Q
=
3.6×106J
1.032×107J
=34.9%;

(2)每秒钟的做功冲程数:

n=

1
2
×
2300
60
=
230
12

设做功冲程中的平均压强为p,则有用功率:

P=6nFL=6npsL=6npπ(

1
2
D)2L,

∴p=

4P
6nπD2L
=
4×2.2×105W
230
12
×3.14×(0.11m)2×0.135m 
=1.49×106Pa;

(3)∵安装“增压器”前后有用功是相同的,

∴η1qm12qm2

∴m2=

η1
η2
m1

△m=m1-m2=(1-

η1
η2
)m1=(1-
31%
35%
)×3亿吨=0.34亿吨;

(4)安装“增压器”后,仅节约柴油一项每年可为国家节约的资金:

3750元/t×3.4×107t≈1.3×1011元,

安装“增压器”,节约能源,利国利民!

答:(1)该柴油发动机的效率最高可达34.9%;

(2)在做功冲程中气缸内的平均压强是1.49×106Pa;

(3)这项技术每年能为我国节约0.34亿吨柴油;

(4)使用“增压”技术后仅节约柴油一项可使我国每年节约1.3×1011元,安装“增压器”,节约能源,利国利民,

势在必行!

综合
完形填空
This is the story of two lovers, who finally got married. Both of them were romantic at first,   1 on the walk of life, problems, quarrels, profession came into their life.
One day, she finally decided “I want to break up”. “Why?” he asked.
“I am   2 .” she answered.
He kept silent the whole night, seemingly in deep   3 . finally he asked, “What can I do to   4 your mind?”
Looking into his eyes she said, “Answer my question. If you can   5 my heart, I will change my mind. Let’s say, I want a flower   6 on the face of a mountain cliff (悬崖), we both are sure that picking the flower will cause your   7 . will you do it for me?”
He said, “I will give you my   8 tomorrow.”
She woke up the next morning, found him gone, and saw a piece of paper on her bed, which   9  “My dear, I would not pick that flower for you, the   10 are …”
“When you use the computer you always    11 the software, and you cry in front of the screen. I have to save my fingers so that I can help to restore the   12 . You always leave the house keys behind, thus I have to save my   13 to rush home to open the door for you. You love traveling but always lose your way in a (n)   14 city. I have to save my eyes to show you the way. You always   15 at the computer, and that will do nothing good for your eyes. I have to save my eyes   16 when we grow old, I can help to clip your nails and help to remove those   17 white hairs.”
“Thus, my dear, unless I am sure that there is someone who loves you   18  I do … I could not pick that flower yet, and die …”
That’s life, and   19 . flowers, and romantic moments are only used and appear on the   20 of the relationship. Under all this, the pillar of true love stands.
小题1:
A.but B.andC.orD.so
小题2:
A.lonelyB.shamedC.tiredD.worried
小题3:
A.spaceB.thoughtC.shadeD.impression
小题4:
A.speakB.changeC.blowD.keep
小题5:
A.representB.expandC.admitD.convince
小题6:
A.growing B.fallingC.livingD.waiting
小题7:
A.attentionB.satisfactionC.interestD.death
小题8:
A.agreementB.answerC.announcementD.judgment
小题9:
A.writesB.informsC.printsD.goes
小题10:
A.meaningsB.messagesC.reasonsD.purposes
小题11:
A.turn up B.put upC.use upD.mess up
小题12:
A.structuresB.programsC.balanceD.position
小题13:
A.legsB.patienceC.energyD.dollars
小题14:
A.ancient B.newC.modernD.underground
小题15:
A.shoutB.jumpC.knockD.stare
小题16:
A.as ifB.now thatC.so thatD.in case
小题17:
A.annoyingB.enjoyableC.dustyD.amusing
小题18:
A.less thanB.rather thanC.more thanD.other than
小题19:
A.determinationB.loveC.progressD.power
小题20:
A.surface B.wayC.principleD.nature