问题 问答题 简答题

试述输血的适应证。

答案

参考答案:

①大出血:出血是输血的主要适应证,特别是严重创伤和手术中出血。失血量超过1000ml,要及时输血。②贫血或低蛋白血症:手术前如有贫血或血浆蛋白过低,应予纠正。血容量正常的贫血,原则上应输给浓缩红细胞,低蛋白血症可补充血浆或白蛋白液。③严重感染:输血可提供体抗体、补体等,以增强抗感染能力。④凝血异常:对凝血功能障碍的病人,手术前应输给有关的血液成分,如血友病应输入抗血友病球蛋白,纤维蛋白原缺少症者应输入冷沉淀或纤维蛋白原制剂。

单项选择题

In the rarefied world of the corporate board, a good network matters. (1) often involves word-of- mouth recommendations: getting on a (2) is easier if you have the right connections. New research suggests men use (3) better than women.

Marie Lalanne and Paul Seabright of the Toulouse School of Economics (4) the effect of a network on (5) using a database of board members in Europe and America. They find that if you were to compare two executive directors, (6) in every way except that one had 200 ex-colleagues now (7) boards and the other 400, the latter, (8) , would be paid 6% more. For non-executives the gap is 14%.

The really (9) finding concerns the difference between the sexes. Among executive-board members, women earn 17% less than their male (10) . There are plenty of plausible explanations for this (11) , from interruptions to women’s careers to old-fashioned (12) . But the authors find that this pay gap can be fully (13) by the effect of executives’ networks. Men can leverage a large network into more senior positions or a seat on a more (14) board; women don’t seem to be able to.

Women could just have (15) connections with members of their networks. "Women seem more inclined to build and rely on only a few p relationships," says Mr. Seabright. Men are better at developing (16) acquaintances into a network, and better at maintaining a high personal (17) through these contacts. Women may, of course, also be hurt by the existing (18) of men on boards and a male (19) for filling executive positions with other men. But a tendency to think of other men first will be (20) if talented women don’t stay on the radar. (289 words)

6()

A.identical

B.similar

C.differential

D.distinctive

判断题