问题 问答题

废墟之美“废墟”在很多中国人的心目中是一个跟文化和美学不相干的贬义词,甚至《现代汉语词典》对“废墟”一词的解释也仅仅是“城市、村庄遭受破坏或灾害后变成的荒凉地方”。《现代汉语词典》的解释并没有错;但若用世界知识来衡量,这样的理解就很不够了。在欧洲,“废墟”的含义自近代以来有了明显的丰富和扩充,这个语词被赋予了更为深厚的内涵。“废墟”的词义变化是从欧洲的文艺复兴开始的。早在15世纪,人们从偶然的废墟挖掘中发现了古代希腊、罗马时代那些生机勃勃的壁画、雕塑等绝妙艺术品,受到极大的震撼和鼓舞,于是决心以古代为榜样来复兴文学和艺术。古代那些巍峨的神庙和宫殿,尽管多半都在战火和天灾中沦为废墟了,但它们依然令人肃然起敬,不仅引起人们思古的幽情,更激发人们对艺术创造的热情。从那时起,欧洲人就渐渐养成了对所谓“残缺美”的欣赏习惯。于是各地残破的古建筑遗址越来越成为文学艺术家描写和表现的对象,“文物”的意识也在人们心中萌发了。废墟的美学价值及品位的提升,另一个重要进程是18世纪末、19世纪初的浪漫主义运动。这一历史时期,欧洲工业化运动的弊端已开始显现出来,加上启蒙运动中提出的“返归自然”的主张,这些都在浪漫主义运动中引起强烈的反响。一些浪漫派作家厌恶工业化的喧嚣,缅怀中世纪的田园生活和情调,创作中喜好远古的题材,追求神奇和神秘,爱好废墟的景象。欧洲常见的古堡遗址很符合他们的审美理想。第三股推动力量是1820年爱琴海米罗岛上的女性雕塑阿弗洛狄忒,即“断臂维纳斯”的发现。这尊被认为世界上最美的女性雕塑,多少人想复原她的双臂姿势都以失败告终。“断臂维纳斯”也由此作为残缺美的经典永远定格,为废墟的残缺美进入美学殿堂提供了有力的依据,使保护废墟遗址成为一种文化行为。有位外国作家在观赏希腊卫城废墟的时候,发出这样的惊叹:“那种想象的喜悦,不是所谓的空想的诗,而是悟性的陶醉。”我国有作家旅欧时也兴发类似的惊叹:“看到一座古堡废墟耸立在多瑙河畔,就像看到了600年前塞尔维亚人的智慧和力量。”美学家朱光潜说:“年代的久远常常使一种最寻常的物体也具有一种美。”那些遥远年代创造的宏伟的宫殿、陵寝、庙宇、城墙、古桥、古塔等,包含着前人非凡的智慧和巨大的辛劳,不管它毁于兵燹还是天灾,都会引起人们的痛惜,抚残体以思整体,产生心灵的震撼和共鸣,而这种震撼和共鸣就是一个审美的过程。一见残破的废墟就觉得碍眼,不惜工本修葺一新,这在某种意义上是缺乏文化素养的表现。重修伟大的长城废墟这一“石头的史诗”,修了一段又一段,然后把这些新长城当作旅游点,吸引游人来看这假古董,这是对国民文物意识的严重误导!殊不知这种以假乱真的做法,对那些稍有文物意识的游客来说是倒胃口的。笔者曾多次陪同来自各地的朋友游览长城,人家往往事先就提出要求:“可不要领我们去看新的长城哦!”一次我陪两对外国夫妇游览司马台长城,起初我也不知道它是“修旧如旧”过的,以为是被岁月特赦了的。直到走完最后一个完好的岗楼时,眼前突然出现乱石满地的残破的长城遗迹。大家不约而同喊了起来:“长城在这里呢!”不顾一切地攀爬了起来。不难理解,人家要瞻仰和领悟的是那尽管残破,却带着岁月沧桑,因而能唤起“悟性的陶醉”的伟大长城废墟,而不是任何用钱就能换来的崭新建筑。联系近年来重修圆明园的呼声,特别是上世纪90年代以来无数大拆大建事件,不难看出,关于废墟美的意识在有些人那里还是“○”! (取材于叶廷芳《保护废墟,欣赏废墟之美》)

通读全文,用一句话简要表述作者所理解的“废墟”。(3分)

答案

参考答案:(3分)指含有历史文化信息、具有文物价值和美学内涵的建筑遗存。

解析:解析:“那些遥远年代创造的宏伟的宫殿、陵寝、庙宇、城墙、古桥古塔等,包含着前人非凡的智慧和巨大的辛劳,不管它毁于兵燹还是天灾,都会引起人们的痛惜,抚残体以思整体,产生心灵的震撼和共鸣,而这种震撼和共鸣就是一个审美的过程。”考生从中提取相关的语句即可。

完形填空
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People today are becoming increasingly aware that a proper diet is the foundation of good health. If we don’t have a regular diet of proper food, we don’t have the fuel to perform at our best. However, some people think not eating breakfast doesn’t matter a lot, though eating it is important. Get the truth behind this common misconception and other meal frequency and timing meals.
Will eating breakfast every day help me lose weight?
Yes, eating the morning meal can actually help you shed pounds. People who have breakfast are less likely to eat diet-busting(破坏的) junk food and are more likely to exercise later in the day, as studies show. People who skip breakfast, on the other hand, usually make up the calories — and then some — before day's end. Researchers found that 78 percent of the men and women included in the National Weight Control Registry — who have maintained an average weight loss of 66 pounds for more than 5 years — eat breakfast every day.
Is "grazing" really healthier than eating three square meals a day?
No. Eating many small meals throughout the day is probably not better for you than three main meals, the traditional amounts of food for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The idea that "grazing" is healthier comes from a few old studies showing that eating frequent meals throughout the day may burn more fat and lower insulin (胰岛素)levels. But later studies have found no benefit to grazing. It's not healthier than eating three squares, according to the American Dietetic Association.
I've always eaten most of my calories at dinner. If I'm healthy, is there any reason for us not to keep doing this?
Hard to say. Instinctively, it sounds like a bad idea. Yet "one-mealers" tend to eat less food totally, scientists say, so your dining habit may actually help you stay tidy and attractive. On the other hand, one small, brief study by USDA scientists found that eating just one daily meal may cause small increases in blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol(胆固醇). If your annual blood tests show a rise in any key risk factors for heart disease or diabetes, it is high time for you to reconsider your meal strategy.
Will bedtime snacks make you fat?
No. But that's not permission for you to eat cookies before going to bed every night. Consuming more calories than you burn through physical activity produces big loose stomachs and weak legs no matter what time you overeat. A habit of snacking in front of the television every evening will lead to weight gain, but no more so than having a six-egg pancake for breakfast or conquering a bag of beans with sweet food at your desk every afternoon.
The final word
Eat fewer calories than you need in a day and you will lose weight. Eat breakfast because it will help you control calories better, not because it's a magic meal. Eat the number of meals that keeps you satisfied and energized. No one plan is best for everyone.
Title: Stop Obsessing Over Your Meals
Common misconception
Some people think it doesn’t matter to live and work   1 breakfast.
   2 
Breakfast
People having breakfast can actually help weigh 3 People not eating breakfast make up the calories now and then in the
  4    
Grazing
Old studies   5  grazing is better than eating three square meals but later not.
Dinner
  6  to say whether eating most the calories at dinner is a bad idea.
Eating less food one meal per day may keep you neat, but may lead to blood pressure   7 .
Bedtime snacks
Bedtime snacks won’t make you fat.
Overeating may cause you to gain more calories than you burn through8  activity.
A habit of snacking in front of TV can’t gain weight more than overeating at a meal.
        9    
No one plan is  10  for everyone
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