问题 问答题

小李和小王同学通过实验研究滑动摩擦力的大小与什么因素有关.他们用弹簧测力计、一块长木板、及若干块大小和形状都相同的长方体金属块和木块做实验.金属块和木块的长、宽、高分别为10厘米、3厘米和2厘米,它们各自各个面的光滑程度均相同,但金属块表面较光滑,木块表面较粗糙,每块金属块和木块的重力分别为3牛和0.4牛.实验时,他们用不同的放置方法把金属块(或木块)放在长木板上,并用弹簧秤拉动它在长木板上沿水平方向作匀速直线运动,实验过程及记录数据如表一,表二和表三所示.

表一   金属块放在长木板上

次数放置方法接触面积(厘米2压力(牛)弹簧秤示数(牛)
1三块叠加平放3092.7
2二块叠加平放3061.8
3一块平放3030.9
表二   木块放在长木板上

次数放置方法接触面积(厘米2压力(牛)弹簧秤示数(牛)
4三块叠加平放301.20.6
5二块叠加侧放200.80.4
6一块竖放60.40.2
表三   木块放在长木板上

次数放置方法接触面积(厘米2压力(牛)弹簧秤示数(牛)
7一块平放300.40.2
8一块侧放200.40.2
9一块竖放60.40.2
(1)根据小李和小王的实验设计,可判断他们在研究滑动摩擦力的大小与______的关系.

(2)小李根据表一中的实验次数1、2、3,得出的初步结论是:当接触面积和粗糙程度相同时,压力越大,滑动摩擦力越大.你认为小李的结论是______(选填“错误”、“合理但结论不完整”或“合理且结论完整”).

(3)小李和小王根据表二或表三中的实验数据分别得出初步结论:小王认为根据表二数据可知滑动摩擦力的大小与接触面积有关,接触面积越大,滑动摩擦力越大.而小李认为滑动摩擦力的大小与接触面积无关.你认为______(选填“小王”或“小李”)的初步结论是错误的,理由是______.

(4)请进一步综合分析比较各表中弹簧秤示数和压力的比值关系,可初步得出结论:

(a)______;

(b)______.

答案

(1)综合分析三个表中的数据,不难发现,小李和小王在研究滑动摩擦力的大小与物体间的压力、接触面积以及粗糙程度的关系;

(2)小李的结论合理但结论不完整,应为当接触面积和粗糙程度相同时,压力与滑动摩擦力成正比,或者压力与滑动摩擦力比值为定值;

(3)实验中采用的是控制变量法,当研究摩擦力与接触面的大小关系时,应控制压力和接触面的粗糙程度相同,小明在分析数据时没有考虑到,显然是错误的;

(4)进一步综合分析比较各表中弹簧秤示数和压力的比值关系,可以得出两条结论:表面光滑程度相同的物块,滑动摩擦力大小与压力的比值是一个定值;物块表面越光滑(粗糙),滑动摩擦力大小与压力的比值越小(越大).

故答案为:

(1)物体间的压力、接触面积以及粗糙程度;

(2)合理但结论不完整;

(3)小王、小王在研究滑动摩擦力大小与接触面积大小的关系时,没有控制压力保持不变;

(4)(a)表面光滑程度相同的物块,滑动摩擦力大小与压力的比值是一个定值;

(b)物块表面越光滑(粗糙),滑动摩擦力大小与压力的比值越小(越大).

阅读理解

根据短文内容判断下列句子的正误,正确的用 "A" 表示,错误的用 "B" 表示。

    In Europe many people died during the Second World War. As a result, at the end of the war there

wcrc manv orphans(孤儿)there.A man called Hermann Gmeiner wanted to help these children. His idea

was simple. He wanted orphans to have a home, and he wanted them to have the care ancl kindness of

parents.  Gmeiner asked people to give him some money.  With this money he built the first SOS Children's Village at Imst, in Austria.  It opened in 1949. This is how the SOS Children's Village started. The

letters SOS stand for "Save Our Souls(灵魂)".This means "Please help us!".An SOS Children's Village

giVeS help to orphans.

    Hermann Gmeiner's idea for helping orphans soon spread(传播)all over the world. By 1983 there were 170 SOS Children's Villages in the world. People in many countries give money to help the villages.Today the children from the first village are grown up. Now some of them work in other SOS Children's Villages.

    In SOS Villages orphans live in family groups. There are several houses in each village. The biggest

villages have 40 0r 50 houses! Between seven and ten children live in a house.  A woman lives with each

groul, of children and looks after them.  She gives the children a lot of love and kindness. She cooks for

them and makes comfortable(舒适的),happy home for them.

    Of' course, the children don't spend all their time in the village. They go. to school, they go out with

their friends and they go into town. But the village gives them a home-sometimes for the first time in heir

lives.

( )l.  An orphan is a child who has no parents; no brother and no sister.

( )2. Gmeiner built the first SOS Children's Village with his own money,

( )3. Some of the children who are grown up work in other SOS Children's Villages.

( )4. There are about 30 houses in the biggest SOS Children's Villages.

( )5. We can conclude(推论)from the article that the money for helping the SOS Villages mainly comes from people in general.

单项选择题 B1型题