问题 实验题

(10分)化学兴趣小组对某品牌牙膏中摩擦剂成分及其含量进行探究:

Ⅰ、查阅资料:该牙膏摩擦剂由碳酸钙、氢氧化铝组成;牙膏中其它成分遇到盐酸时无气体生成。

Ⅱ、牙膏样品中碳酸钙的定量测定:

利用下图所示装置(图中夹持仪器略去)进行实验,测定C中生成的BaCO3沉淀质量,以确定碳酸钙的质量分数。

实验步骤:

如上图所示连接好装置,先检查装置的气密性;

准确称取牙膏样品的质量4.00g,并在各仪器中加入相应试剂;

打开弹簧夹甲,缓缓通入空气,然后接上C;

打开B的分液漏斗滴加盐酸反应,同时再次持续缓缓通入空气;

待B中不再产生气体后停止滴加盐酸;

将C中沉淀过滤、洗涤、干燥,得BaCO3

称量BaCO3的质量为1.97g。

依据实验过程回答下列问题:

(1)步骤④通过空气的作用有:______________     __、___         __________。

(2)步骤⑥中检验沉淀洗干净的方法是                                       

(3)本实验测定得到的样品中碳酸钙的质量分数为                  。若采取下列措施,对测定结果的准确度没有影响的是_____________(填标号)。

a.省略步骤③          b.滴加盐酸快一些

c.在B、C之间增添盛有饱和NaHCO3溶液的洗气装置

d. 多次实验,取平均值计算

(4)有同学认为不必测定C中生成的BaCO3质量,只要测定装置C在吸收CO2前后的质量差,一样可以准确测定碳酸钙的质量分数。请你说明是否可以并简要说明理 由                                                             

答案

(1)搅拌B、C中的反应物(1分) 把生成的CO2气体全部排入C中,使之完全被Ba(OH)2溶液吸收(1分)

(2)取最后几滴滤液,加入稀硫酸(或者硫酸盐溶液),如无白色沉淀出现,则表明洗干净。(如用AgNO3溶液检验Cl也给分)(2分)

(3)25%(2分)    d(2分)

(4)不可以 这样测得的结果会偏大,因为B中的水蒸气、HCl气体会进入装置C中使得CO2称量结果偏大(2分)

(1)步骤④通过空气,一方面可以使反应混合物充分混合均匀,使反应物之间充分反应,起到搅拌的作用;同时缓缓通过空气,可以使反应生成的CO2气体充分被C装置中的Ba(OH)2吸收,以提高实验的准确度。

(2)由于C装置中的Ba(OH)2溶液是过量的且溶液中含有CL-,过滤完BaCO3后,其表面附有Ba2+、OH、CL-,所以,步骤⑥中检验沉淀洗干净的方法即为检验Ba2+、OH-或CL-,检验Ba2+离子的方法可加入含可溶性的硫酸盐或稀硫酸,若有白色沉淀则未洗涤干净,若没有白色沉淀则洗涤干净,当然,也可以通过检验CL-的方式,加入过量的稀硝酸,然后加硝酸银溶液,若有白色沉淀产生,则沉淀未洗涤干净,若没有白色沉淀产生,则沉淀洗涤干净。

(3)1.97gBaCO3的物质的量为0.01 mol,根据C元素守恒,可得CaCO3的质量为1g,所以可得样品中CaCO3的质量分数为25%。

如果省略了步骤步骤③,将会使实验测定结果偏高,因为反应前装置中的空气中含有二氧化碳气体,所以会使实验测定结果偏高。如果滴加盐酸快一些,会使反应速率过快,导致生成的二氧化碳气体不能充分被氢氧化钡溶液吸收,结果会使实验测定结果偏低。如果在B、C之间增添盛有饱和NaHCO3溶液的洗气装置,会使实验测定结果偏高,因为生成的二氧化碳气体中还含有少量的HCL气体,HCL气体会与NaHCO3溶液反应又生成二氧化碳气体,使二氧化碳的量增多,结果导致实验测定结果偏高。而多次实验,取平均值计算只能提高实验的准确度。

(4)不可以 这样测得的结果会偏大,因为B中的水蒸气、HCl气体会进入装置C中使得CO2称量结果偏大,导致实验测定结果偏大。

阅读理解

Many of us have heard of the saying: everything is possible if you can just believe. But few of us really know the power of faith and perseverance(坚定).  South African swimmer Natalie du Tiot embodies(体现)those virtues.

Du Tiot, 24, became the first swimmer to compete in both the Olympic Games and the Paralympics (残奥会)in Beijing. Although she finished 16th in the tough 10km marathon in the able-bodied Games, she has collected three golds in the Paralympics so far.

One of the most successful disabled athletes of all time, Natalie du Tiot was already a promising swimmer when she lost her leg in a motorcycle accident in 2001, at just 17.

“There are a lot of dark moments,” she said, “There are some days when I cry. But I try to remember that better days are ahead. You just go on.”

Within a few months, she was back in the swimming pool.

She still completes and still succeeds. The only difference is she has switched to longer events—from 200m and 400m individual medley to 800m and 1,500m freestyle—to make up for her loss of speed with only one leg. But she made no adjustment to her mental look(精神面貌).

“Going out in the water, it feels as if there’s nothing wrong with me. It doesn’t matter if you look different. You’re still the same as everybody else because you have the same dream.”

She is the owner of many world records, and she also won gold when competing against able-bodied swimmers in the 1,500m freestyle at the All African Games in 2007.

But there is no magic recipe(秘诀) for success. It all comes down to hard work and determination. “She is stubborn, which is good and bad,” said her coach Karoly Von Toros. “Good for the swimming, but bad for the coach.”

There is a poem that hangs on her wall that reads:

The tragedy (悲剧)of life does not lie in not reaching your goals;

The tragedy of life lies in not having goals to reach for.

小题1: Natalie du Tiot is a vivid example that____________________.

A.you are what you believe

B.your biggest enemy is yourself

C.results are not so important as the process

D.you must set reasonable goals or you will fail小题2:According to the text , Natalie du Tiot became________________.

A.the first athlete to compete with able-bodied swimmers in the world

B.the youngest disabled swimmer to break the world record in the 1,500m freestyle

C.the youngese disabled swimmer to collect three golds in a single Paralympics

D.the first swimmer to compete in both the Olympic Games and the Paralympics小题3:Which of the following is the correct order of the events that happened to Natalie du Tiot?

a. She won gold at the All Africa Games.

b. She finished 16th in the tough 10km marathon in the Olympics

c. She adjusted herself to long events.

d. A motorcycle accident disabled her.

A.cdab

B.dcba

C.dcab

D.dacb小题4:In dark moments it was_______________ that pushed her on.

A.her coach

B.her family

C.hope and faith

D.her love of swimming

单项选择题