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论述马克思、恩格斯的新闻思想

答案

参考答案:

马克思、恩格斯的新闻思想以1848年的《新莱茵报》为界,可以划分为前后两个历史阶段。

第一阶段(1848年以前),作为革命的民主主义者,马克思、恩格斯新闻思想的核心是自由报刊理论。

马克思认为,报刊是统治者与被统治者之间的一种总裁力量,即社会的“第三种因素”。他进而指出,报刊应当是政治因素,而非官方因素,不以官方意志为出发点;是市民的因素,但不直接和个别人的利益纠缠在一起。

马克思对资产阶级的出版自由给予了充分的肯定。他赞美出版自由,追求出版自由,并把自由报刊看作是社会的仲裁力量,这与上升时期资产阶级革命家的主张是十分接近的。

马克思还认为,要想完整的反映客观事物的全貌,各种报刊需要配合和补充。因此他提出应当允许各种报刊独立自主地发展,允许它们有自己的报道方面,不要压制人们的精神自由。

第二阶段(1848年以后),随着各国工人运动的成熟,马、恩也有革命的民主主义者转变为 * * 主义者。马恩早期的自由报刊思想也随之为无产阶级党报观念所取代。

1)关于报刊的党性原则:

马恩认为,无产阶级党报必须遵循以科学 * * 主义为指导的党的政策纲领。必须坚持党的立场、宣传党的策略纲领、贯彻党的路线。

2)关于报刊的使命:

马恩认为,报刊是社会的捍卫者,是针对当权者的孜孜不倦的揭露者,是无处不在的耳目,是

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热情维护自己自由的人民精神的千呼万应的喉舌。

3)关于报刊的作用:

马恩认为,报纸最大的好处是它每日都能干预运动,能够成为运动的喉舌,能够反映出当前的整个局势,能够使人民和人们的日刊发生不断地、生动活泼的联系。同时,杂志能更广泛地研究各种事件,详细地研究作为整个政治运动的基础的经济关系,剖析正在进行斗争的各政党的性质,以及决定这些政党生存和斗争的社会关系。

这些新闻观点显然已经褪去民主足以色彩,具有了真正的无产阶级性质。

单项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Several years ago, my family gathered on Cape Cod for a weekend. My parents were there, my sister and

her daughter too, two cousins and, of course, my wife, my son and me. We ate at one of those restaurants

where the menu is written on a blackboard held by a friendly waiter and had a wonderful time. With dinner

concluded, the waiter set the check down in the middle of the table. That's when it happened. My father did

not reach for the check.

     In fact, my father did nothing. Conversation continued. Finally it dawned on me. Me! I was supposed to

pick up the check. After all these years, after hundreds of restaurant meals with my parents, after a lifetime

of thinking of my father as the one with the dollars, it had all changed. I reached for the check and pulled out

my American Express card. My view of myself was suddenly changed. With a stroke of the pen, I was

suddenly an adult.

     Some people mark off their life in years, others in events. I am one of the latter, and I think of some events

as rites of passage. I did not become a young man at a particular year like 13, but when a kid strolled into the

store where I worked and called me "mister", I turned around to see whom he was calling. He repeated it

several times-"mister, mister"-looking straight at me. The realization hit like a punch: Me! He was talking to me.

I was suddenly a mister.

1. My father did not reach for the check because ____.

A. it was in the middle of the table

B. I was no longer a child

C. he had no money with him

D. he did not notice the check

2. The underlined part "it dawned on me" in the second paragraph means ____.

A. I understood

B. it was my turn

C. it surprised me

D. I felt sorry

3. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A. None of my family was willing to pay the check.

B. I was not willing to pay the check.

C. We were happy on Cape Cod.

D. We didn't enjoy our meal.

4. From the passage, we can infer that ____ paid for restaurant meals before.

A. I

B. my mother

C. my parents

D. my father