问题 实验题

为测定某生铁(假设仅含Fe和C)粉末状样品中铁的质量分数,某化学研究性学习小组设计有关方案进行如下实验。

(1)设计如图甲所示装置,使生铁样品与稀硫酸反应的操作为                                  

实验结束后,读出量气管中的气体体积(换算为标准状况),计算生铁样品中铁的质量分数,测定的结果偏低,可能的原因是       。(填字母序号)

A. 反应结束并冷却后,未再次调节量气管和水准管中液面相平, 即读取气体体积

B. 稀硫酸过量

C. 水准管中有少量水溢出

(2)设计如图乙所示装置,测得反应前后的有关质量如表,则生铁样品中铁的质量分数为         ,根据图中装置判断,若实验中操作没有失误,该实验结果可能       。(填“偏大”、“偏小”或 “准确”)

反应前:整套装置+

稀硫酸质量/g

反应前:

生铁样品质量/g

反应后:整套装置+

锥形瓶中剩余物的质量/g

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(3)若取生铁粉末5.72 g,高温下的氧气流中充分反应,得到CO2气体224 mL(标准状况)。则此生铁粉末中铁和碳的物质的量之比为         。若再取三份不同质量的生铁粉末,分别加到100 mL相同浓度的H2SO4溶液中,充分反应后,测得的实验数据如下表所示。计算实验Ⅱ结束后的溶液中,还能溶解生铁样品的质量           

实验序号
加入生铁样品的质量/g1.432.868.58
生成气体的体积/L(标准状况)0.561.122.24

答案

(10分)(1)将Y型管倾斜,使硫酸溶液流入到生铁样品中。A(各1分,2分)

(2),偏大(H2携带水蒸气逸出)(各2分,4分) 

(3)10:1 ,2.86 g。(各2分,4分)

题目分析:(1)要使铁样品与稀硫酸反应,就得使铁样品与稀硫酸接触,故操作为将Y型管倾斜,使硫酸溶液流入到生铁样品中。分析结果偏低的原因,A选项中比较合理,故错A。

(2)根据反应后后所得溶液质量=参加反应铁的质量+所加入的稀硫酸的质量-反应放出氢气的质量,计算生铁样品中铁的质量分数为。因为H2会携带水蒸气逸出,故实验结果可能偏大。

(3)高温下的氧气流中充分反应,Fe和C都和氧气发生反应,生成CO2气体224 mL(标准状况),即0.01mol,根据化学方程式计算得C的物质的量为0.01mol,质量为0.12g,故生铁的质量为5.72g-0.12g=5.6g,物质的量为0.1mol,故生铁粉末中铁和碳的物质的量之比为0.1mol:0.01mol=10:1。

根据表中数据计算,实验Ⅲ中生铁粉末是过量的,酸反应完,根据生成气体的体积是2.24L计算,酸的物质的量为0.1mol, 实验Ⅱ中酸是过量的,根据根据生成气体的体积是1.12L计算,酸反应了0.05mol,剩余0.05mol,故实验Ⅱ结束后的溶液中,还能溶解生铁样品的质量2.86g。

点评:本题主要考查有关化学方程式的计算和化学式的计算,难度较大,根据质量守恒定律,反应后后所得溶液质量=参加反应铁的质量+所加入的稀硫酸的质量-反应放出氢气的质量。

单项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

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