问题 名词解释

信号级联放大(signaling cascade)

答案

参考答案:

从细胞表面受体接收外部信号到最后作出综合性应答是一个将信号逐步放大的过程,称为信号的级联放大反应。

级联反应除了具有将信号放大组成级联反应的各个成员称为一个级联(cascade),主要是由磷酸化和去磷酸化的酶组成。信号的级联放大作用对细胞来说至少有两个优越性:第

一,同一级联中所有具有催化活性的酶受同一分子调控,如糖原分解级联中有三种酶:依赖于cAMP的蛋白激酶、糖原磷酸化酶激酶和糖原磷酸化酶都是直接或间接受cAMP调控的。

第二:通过级联放大作用,使引起同一级联反应的信号得到最大限度的放大。如10-10M的肾上腺素能够通过对糖原分解的刺激将血液中的葡萄糖水平提高50%。在肾上腺素的刺激下,细胞内产生10-6M的cAMP

,使原始信号变得更强、更具激发作用,引起细胞的强烈反应外,级联反应还有其他一些作用:①信号转移,即将原始信号转移到细胞的其他部位;②信号转化,即将信号转化成能够激发细胞应答的分子,如级联中的酶的磷酸化;③信号的分支,即将信号分开为几种平行的信号,影响多种生化途径,引起更大的反应;④级联途中的各个步骤都有可能受到一些因子的调节,因此级联反应的最终效应还是由细胞内外的条件来决定。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Anthony Horowitz was miserable as a child. He was, as he put it, "never very bright" and couldn't win

the attention of his very wealthy parents, who loved his "clever" old brother better. At age 8,Horowitz was

sent away to an abusive (辱骂的) boarding school in his native England, even though he screamed and

pleaded (恳求) with his parents year after year not to send him," The thought was, It'll be good for him."

He recalled.

      It was not. Horowitz did badly in his studied, had few friends and was bullied (欺负) for five years.

"My teachers couldn't have had a lower opinion of me." He said. "I wasn't even smart enough to rebel. The

one thing I remember from the very earliest age was this desire to write. When I was 10 years old, I

remember asking my parents to get me a typewriter for my birthday because I wanted to be a writer."

     Now, at the age of 55, Horowitz is one of the world's most successful children's book authors. His Alex

Rider series has sold more than 5 million copies, and the eighth book featuring the young spy, Crocodile

Tears, came out this month.

     The Alex Rider books tell the adventures of 14-year-old Alex Rider, an agent for The British intelligence

agency M 16.

     Horowitz said he doesn't try to write for kids; it just comes out that way. "I have a feeling that it's to do

with purity and simplicity. I give as little information as is necessary to describe the room, the character in

the room, and get on with the action," he said.

     The style has also made Horowitz a successful writer of television shows for adults in Britain because,

he says, writing books for kids is a lot like writing television for grown-ups. In both cases, it's all about

entertaining people with a good story.

     Now, Horowitz couldn't be happier with his life. He sums up his success " … you can be anything you

want to be if you just believe in yourself. I do believe it completely."

1. In the boarding school, Horowitz's teachers _______.

A. often criticized him

B. showed great concern for him

C. taught him how to write storied

D. thought little about his ability

2. Which of the following is true of Anthony Horowitz?

A. He was the most loved child of his family.

B. He benefited a lot from boarding school.

C. He emphasizes the plot rather than character in stories.

D. Although he is successful, he isn't very happy.

3. What advice does Horowitz have for readers?

A. Confidence is the key to success

B. Hardship teaches valuable lessons

C. Interest is the best teacher

D. Industry is the parent of success

4. In which section can you most probably read the passage?

A. Campus Trends

B. Culture & Leisure

C. Our World

D. Science Life

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