问题 问答题

小企业的中观环境中行业竞争结构具体包括哪些内容?

答案

参考答案:

行业的竞争有五种基本竞争力量,分别是: 

(1)行业内企业的竞争。它是小企业所面临的最直接的竞争,其手段主要是价格竞争,广告竞争、服务竞争和产品创新竞争等。 

(2)潜在进入者的威胁。潜在进入者加入一个行业,一方面会使全行业的生产能力扩大,进而导致产品或服务的价格下降;另一方面,必然要和原有企业争夺资源以保证生产得以顺利进行,这就促使行业生产成本的提高。 

(3)供应商的讨价还价能力。供应商对企业构成的威胁通常表现为提高供应价格或者降低供应产品或服务的质量,从而降低企业的利润。甚至在某些极端情况下,供应商可能会拒绝给企业提供产品或服务。如果企业的经营过分依赖供应商,就会面临破产的危险。 

(4)购买商的讨价还价能力。对于多数行业来说,我国现在的市场是买方市场,在这种市场上,购买商的讨还价能力比较强,他们会要求用较低的价格得到更高质量的产品和更优质的服务。为了生存与发展,行业内的企业往往不得不互相残杀,导致行业利润的下降,很多企业还在这种残酷的竞争中退出了历史舞台。 

(5)替代产品的威胁。替代产品是指那些与本行业产品功能相同或相近的产品,这些产品投入市场必然会导致更加激烈的市场竞争.尤其是现在,科学技术水平进步的越来越快,新产品层出不穷,小企业面临的替代产品的威胁也就越来越大

阅读理解

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

 小题1:  The first, and perhaps the most important, is whether to bury the body or cremate(火化) it.

Cremation is the act of burning the body until only the ashes are left. The ashes are placed in a container called an urn(骨灰盒). The urn is often put on display during the memorial service.   小题2:  Or they may bury them in the earth, place them in a tomb or scatter them in a special place.

It is said that cremations were used in almost 35% of funerals in 2009.   小题3:  And the cremation rate is expected to increase to almost 59% by 2025.

While cremation has grown in popularity, most families in the United States still choose to bury their loved ones.

After death, the person’s body is usually embalmed (进行防腐处理) to preserve it until the funeral is held. A traditional full service funeral usually includes a public viewing. This is called a wake. The body is placed in a special burial box called a coffin.   小题4:  The service may include music and comments about the loved one by family members and friends. A religious leader may also talk about the person and offer spiritual comfort to the family. After the service, family members and friends go to the gravesite where the body is buried or placed in a tomb.

 小题5:  A traditional full service funeral averages about 6,000 dollars. Flowers, funeral cars and special burial requests can increase the cost to more than 10,000 dollars. Cremations usually cost thousands of dollars less.

A.Then a memorial service is held.

B.This was an 11% increase from 1999.

C.American funerals can be quite costly.

D.American families are in deep sorrow when a loved one dies.E.After the ceremony, the family may keep the ashes in their home.

F.American families have several decisions to make when a loved one dies.

G.More families choose cremations due to environmental protection, though they are more expensive.

单项选择题