问题 问答题 论述题

如何理解有序与无序?如何理解“熵”?

答案

参考答案:

有序指的是客观事物之间或系统内部组成元素之间有规则的联系。无序指的是客观事物或系统内部各组成部分之间联系、组合或运动的无规则性和不确定性。事物的有序与无序具有多样性,可以分为三类:空间序、时间序、时空序。在空间、时间、结构和功能等方面显示出一定的顺序、规则,具有某种确定性和规律性,就是一种有序。有序与无序是相对的,没有绝对的有序,也没有绝对的无序。事物的有序与无序可以在一定条件下相互转化。任何事物或过程都是有序和无序的辩证统一。

系统的熵越大,系统微观状态数越大,系统的微观粒子运动越无序。熵描述了微观粒子运动的无序程度。维纳说:一个系统的熵就是他的无组织程度的度量。熵越大,表示微观粒子运动的无序程度越大;反之,熵越小,表示微观粒子运动的无序程度越小。熵作为无序与混乱的度量的观点成为主流,成为许多理论的基础。

系统从无序向有序演化需要条件:

⑴开放是系统进化的先决条件

⑵非平衡是有序之源

⑶非线性是系统进化的内在根据

⑷随机涨落是系统进化的直接诱因

以上四个方面就是自组织理论关于系统进化的条件和机制的基本思想。这四个方面是相互关联的。

阅读理解

四、阅读理解:(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)

A

Steve and Yaser first met in their chemistry class at an American university. Yaser was an international student from Jordan. He was excited to get to know an American. He wanted to learn more about American culture. Yaser hoped that he and Steve would become good friends.

At first, Steve seemed very friendly. He always greeted Yaser warmly before class. Sometimes he offered to study with Yaser. He even invited Yaser to have lunch with him. But after the term was over, Steve seemed more distant. The two former(以前的) classmates didn’t see each other very much at school. One day Yaser decided to call Steve. steve didn’t seem very interested in talking to him. Yaser was hurt by Steve’s change of attitude. “Steve said we were friends,” Yaser complained. “And I thought friends were friends forever.”

Yaser is a little confused. He is an outsider(局外人) to American culture. He doesn’t understand the way Americans view friendship. americans use the word “friend” in a very general way. They may call both casual acquaintaneces(熟人) and close companions(伙伴) “friends”. americans have school friends, work friends, sports friends and neighborhood friends. These friendships are based on common interests.

Studies show that one out of five American families moves every year. American frienships develop quckly, and they may change just as quickly.

People from the United States may at first seem friendly. Americans often chat easily with strangers. They exchange information about their families, hobbies and work. They may smile warmly and say, “Have a nice day.” or “see you later.” schoolmates may say, “Let’s get together sometime.” But American friendliness is not always an offer of true friendship.

41. Why didn’t Yaser understand Steve was more was more distant with him when they were no longer in the same class?

A. Because Steve no longer likes Yaser.

B. Because they couldn’t see each other.

C. Because Yaser didn’t know american culture about friendship.

D. Because Yaer was a foreigner.

42. From the text we can find that American friendships ________.

A. develop quickly but change slowly           B. develop slowly and change slowly

C. develop slowly but change quickly           D. develop and change quickly

43. From the text we may know that Americans are ________.

A. kind               B. rude              C. sad               D. impolite

44. If you no longer work with an american, what should you do with your friendship?

A. Try your best to keep it.                    B. Avoid meeting your workmates.

C. Let it be.                                D. worry about it.

选择题