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结合技术发明的案例来说明技术原理构思的基本方法。(结合自己专业,谈谈对技术发明的认识)

答案

参考答案:技术原理就是一切技术系统都必须具备的工作机理,它是客观规律在技术系统上的综合应用。技术发明的核心就是构思一种新的技术原理,或者创造同一技术原理新的运用方式。技术原理构思是利用已有的自然科学知识和技术经验,运用技术发明创造方法,通过创造性思维活动完成的。在这一过程中,逻辑思维与灵感、直觉和形象思维都起着十分重要的作用。因此,不存在技术原理构思的固定模式和程序。在长期技术开发实践中,人们创造和积累了许多经验方法,这些方法对于构思和探寻技术原理具有积极的启发作用。

(1)科学原理推演法。它是在科学发现的基础上,从新的科学原理中推演出技术原理的方法。在激光发展史上,从受激辐射原理的提出,到微波放大器技术原理的形成,就是运用科学原理推演法的一个例证。

(2)实验提升法。科学实验是科学前沿最活跃的一个领域。在实验中发现的新的自然现象,往往隐含着新的科学技术原理。例如,低温超导现象的发现,引出了超导技术在运输等领域的应用。

(3)自然模拟法。模拟方法不仅是科学研究的重要方法,而且也是技术原理构思的有效工具。如自然选择使某些生物的体形和器官具有精巧的结构和高超的技能,因此仿生学方法被广泛使用。

(4)回采法。在新条件下“回采”已被否定的技术原理,使之在新条件下得以实现的方法。惠更斯在17世纪提出的真空活塞式火药内燃机的原理构思,直到19世纪煤气、汽油等燃料燃烧可以控制后,人们才“回采”了惠更斯火药机的原理,构思出了新的内燃机工作原理。

(5)逆向发明法。逆向发明法采取反向思维进行发明创造,有助于摆脱思维定势的束缚,有可能引出崭新的技术原理构思。1820年丹麦科学家奥斯特发现了电流的磁效应,英国物理学家法拉第反向思考,1831年发现了电磁感应定律,奠定了发电机的技术原理。

总之,技术原理构思环节的创造性特点表明,技术原理的构思应灵活运用各种方法。除上面介绍的方法外,技术原理构思过程中常用的经验方法还有综合法、联想法、检表提问法、选择法、要素变更法以及集体技术创造法等。

阅读理解

Weekends are important for us. We can relax ourselves. Do you know what Americans in the early twentieth century (1900~1925) did on weekends? What do you do on weekends now? In the early twentieth century, people spent lots of time at home on weekends. Then, new inventions changed the weekends.

*People used electric streetcars to travel in the cities. On weekends, they rode the streetcars to the parks. Young people like roller coasters.

* The first movie lasted only one minute. In the 1920s, movie theaters sold millions of tickets each week! In 1927, movies finally had sound. Sometimes people stayed at home and listened to another new invention —the radio.

* People in cities worked indoors during the weekdays, so they wanted to be outdoors on weekends. Bicycling became a popular activity.

* Now there are more inventions in our life. People have more time and money, too. So they have many ways to spend their weekends.

* People travel by their own cars. Or they can visit big parks like Disney World and ride modern roller coasters and go higher and faster than ever before. *

They can choose from lots of different movie theatres. Or they can watch videos at home.

* More and more people begin to do all kinds of sports at gym.

Others turn on their TV and watch sports on "Family Night".

小题1:Before 1927, __________.

A.people can watch videos at home

B.the movie had sound

C.People could go to the movie theatres to see movies

D.people could watch sports on "Family Night"小题2:Long time ago, people spent their weekends __________.

A.at home

B.in the theatres

C.outdoors

D.in Disney World小题3:Which is a popular activity in the early twentieth century?

A.Watching TV

B.Riding the electric streetcars

C.Listening to the radio

D.Bicycling小题4:The underlined word "lasted" means          .

A.began

B.was over

C.played

D.spoke小题5:Which is TRUE about the weekends in America?

A.They still see movies without sound now.

B.They didn't go outside in the early twentieth.

C.The weekends are not the same in different times.

D.They don't go to the parks any more now.

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