问题 单项选择题

阅读下面短文,回答下 * * 道题。

在古代建筑中,没有任何一种像古希腊和古罗马那样存在如此大的差异和联系。

与微型,完美和富于诗意的希腊城邦相比,罗马帝国是冷静、实际和充满着扩张性的。从公元前一世纪开始,罗马迅速发展为世界强国,它的建筑风格也随着领土的无边蔓延而远播。罗马人后来并吞了已经衰落了的希腊。罗马人不仅迷恋希腊的雕塑和绘画,也对它的建筑发生了浓厚的兴趣,在那个“全面希(腊)化”的时代,他们把希腊的柱子和匠师迁移到了罗马。但是希腊建筑的细腻优美情调显然不符合罗马人的口味,罗马不需要像希腊人那样,诗意地展示它的优美。罗马是君权至上的大帝国,需要足以表现帝国的强大和气魄的建筑,漫步在罗马遗址巨大的柱列间,人们会觉得自己像蚂蚁一样弱小,诗人爱伦坡的诗句“光荣属于希腊,伟大属于罗马”,正是一语道破了这两大建筑风格的真谛。

罗马大斗兽场在艺术成就上被谈论最多的是它的外形。我们知道,希腊建筑是建立在单纯的梁与柱关系的系统之上,希腊人创造了柱式,帕台农神庙就是完美的体现。到了罗马人这里,他们更注重运用拱券,使罗马建筑可以产生复杂的跨度和开敞的室内空间。如果说希腊的建筑是艺术家的创造,那么罗马更类似于工程师的构想.

我们注意到,这座大斗兽场是连接的拱券支撑的,在它的表面,罗马人巧妙地“贴”上了一层古希腊柱式,它在表面虽然只起装饰作用,却好像比拱墩更突出地起着实际支撑的作用。如果你用有关希腊柱式的知识去辨认,就可以看出原来罗马人是如此精通希腊柱式的语言内涵。他们将多立克柱式放在最下层,让人感到它们在有力地支撑着上面巨大的重量。第二层的爱奥尼柱式显然是一种过渡,它们优雅地举起斗兽场院的上半部分。科林斯柱式被放在最后一个承重层,它们华贵的仪态使斗兽场充满生机,好像花环盘绕在斗兽场的顶部。由多立克到科林斯的性格过渡的顺序,被罗马人恰到好处地发现和运用了.

在大斗兽场的外部造型上,罗马人为了实际的需要把希腊柱式进行了重新拼装,檐部变成了圆开斗兽场的装饰带。我们很容易想象如果没有这些希腊柱式的装饰,大斗兽场将会多么单调和乏味,——罗马的工程师借助希腊艺术家的作品,表达了他们追求美和文化素养的愿望.在罗马建筑中,希腊柱式一直被当作“形容词”来使用,因为安排得恰到好处,它们往往又好像具有“动词”的意义。更重要的,随着在大斗兽场形体上的希腊柱式组成的网络,展示了罗马建筑的“语法”。罗马建筑借助希腊的语言,表达了它的思想。

(选自《大地之灵·罗马大斗兽场》,有删改)

根据本文内容,以下分析或推断不正确的一项是()。

A.古罗马人对古希腊建筑产生了浓厚的兴趣,“全面希化”,并加以改造,终于诞生了自己的建筑风格

B.帕台农神庙是一座建立在柱梁关系的系统之上的完美建筑体,是体现诗意美的古希腊建筑的代表

C.爱伦坡的诗句表现了古希腊与古罗马建筑的不同风格,也表现了两国人面对世界的不同心态与情调

D.古罗马大斗兽场融技术的实用性与艺术的装饰性于一体,其建筑语言与建筑思想的完美结合堪称经典

答案

参考答案:A

解析:

“全面希化”,就谈不上“改造”,语义有矛盾之处。

单项选择题
问答题

(46) Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historinans, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. (47) Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women’s rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. (48) Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.

The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group’s contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents’ energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians’ appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.

(49) Saint-Simon’s followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.

Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. (50) The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.

(47) Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe.