问题 材料题

近代以来,人们的婚姻观念逐渐改变。阅读下列材料:

材料一 父母之命这句话固然视为天经地义不可改易的,但是我们现在做父母的应该要晓得,这几千年来的礼教风俗到了今天决计行不通!……做父母的应该要明白些现在世界的大势!闭关自守,做不到了;农业经济组织下的状态,保不住了。——陆秋心《婚姻问题的三个时期》(《新妇女》1920年4月15日)

材料二 我在小姊妹的帮忙下,加入了家庭妇联。我看见姊妹们加紧生产,努力学习文化,便愈感到自己的落后,我要好好地向姊妹们学习,我也加入了学习班。新婚姻法颁布以后,小姊妹张丽娟告诉我,说可以到家庭妇联申请向朱家离婚,婆婆没有理由阻拦我,于是我离婚了,我自由了。——《一个童养媳的新生》(1950年9月1日《解放日报》)

材料三 婚姻不是件私事……在任何地方一个男子或女子要得到一个配偶,没有不经过一番社会规定的手续。——费孝通《生育制度》

请回答:

(1)据材料一、二,人们的婚姻态度发生了怎样的变化?

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(2)据材料一并结合所学知识,说明作为婚俗背景的经济基础和家庭关系,从传统到近代发生了怎样的变化?材料二中“我”的婚姻态度发生变化的社会条件是什么?

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(3)据材料一、三,不同学者在婚姻自由度问题上的视角分别是什么?我们应如何全面认识这一问题?

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答案

(1)变化:从遵从父母之命到追求婚姻自由。

(2)经济基础:从传统小农经济到近代工商业的发展;家庭关系:从传统纲常伦理(父为子纲)到家庭成员的平等自由;社会条件:社会制度的变革(新中国的成立);社团组织(家庭妇联)的支持;法律保障(新婚姻法的颁布)。

(3)视角:历史考察;社会关系考察。认识:随着社会的发展,婚姻当事人越来越自由,但处于社会关系中的人,婚姻自由总是相对的。

单项选择题
单项选择题


Smallpox was the first widespread disease to be eliminated by human intervention. A highly contagious viral disease, it was endemic in Europe, causing the death of millions of people until the development of vaccination by Edward Jenner around 1800. In many non- European nations, it remained a dreaded, often fatal illness until very recently.
In May 1966, the World Health Organization (WHO), an agency of the United Nations, was authorized to initiate a global campaign to eradicate smallpox. The goal was to eliminate the disease in one decade. At the time, the disease posed a serious threat to people in thirty nations. More than 700 physicians, nurses, scientists, and other personnel from WHO joined about 200,000 health workers in the infected nations to battle the disease. Because similar projects for malaria and yellow fever had failed, few believed that smallpox could actually be eradicated, but eleven years after the initial organization of the campaign, no cases were reported in the field.
The strategy was not only to provide mass vaccinations but also to isolate patients with active smallpox in order to contain the spread of the disease and to break the chain of human transmission. Rewards for reporting smallpox assisted in motivating the public to aid health workers. One by one, each smallpox victim was sought out, removed from contact with others and treated. At the same time, the entire village where the victim had lived was vaccinated.
By April 1978, WHO officials announced that they had isolated the last known case of the disease, but health workers continued to search for new cases for two additional years to be completely sure. In May 1980, a formal statement was made to the global community. Today smallpox is no longer a threat to humanity. Routine vaccinations have been stopped worldwide.

Which of the following is the best title for the passage

A.World Health Organization

B.Eradication of Smallpox

C.Smallpox Vaccinations

D.Infectious Diseases