问题 问答题

试论法治的基本原则。
要求:观点明确,说理充分,条理清晰,语言规范、流畅。

答案

参考答案:法治的原则可以从不同角度和层面概括,一般说来,最重要的原则包括法律至上原则、权利保障原则、权力制约原则和正当程序原则。
(1)法律至上原则。法律至上是法治作为一种治国方略最基本的要求。“法律至上”首先意味着在治理国家的规范体系中,法律居于首要地位,具有最高权威。其次,在法与国家权力的关系中,一切国家职权均来自宪法和法律。再次,在法律与国家领导人的关系中,法律高于领导者的个人意志,法律不能因为领导人的改变而改变,不得由于领导人看法和注意力的改变而改变。最后,在执政党与法律的关系当中,执政党必须在宪法和法律范围内活动。
(2)权利保障原则。权利保障原则体现着现代法治在内容上的根本性要求。该原则的内容主要包括尊重和保障 * * 、法律面前人人平等和权利与义务相一致。充分尊重和保障 * * 是法治的终极性的目的价值,法律面前人人平等是民主和法治的基本要求,法治原则要求在法的制定和实施过程中贯彻主体的权利与义务相一致原则。
(3)权力制约原则。对国家权力进行制约是权利保障原则的逻辑要求,法治区别于法制的重要特点之一就是要求通过法律的制定和实施对国家权力进行合理的分工和制约,限制国家权力的任意性,防止因国家权力的扩张或滥用导致的专横和腐败,有效保障公民的权利和自由。法治与国家权力的结构及其运行方式、限度等问题的关系十分密切。法治内在地要求对国家权力进行合理的分工和有效的制约。
(4)正当程序原则。程序性本身是法律调整区别于其他社会调控方式的重要特点之一,现代法治尤其强调法律程序的意义。一般说来,所谓法律程序实际上就是一定主体从事法律行为、作出某种决定的过程、环节、方式以及各种相关联系的总称,表现为一系列法律制度和规定,如立法程序、司法程序、行政执法程序、调解和仲裁程序等。现代法治所强调的正当程序主要体现了对国家权力的制约,强调有关法律程序的制度设计应当贯彻平等性、公开性、普遍性、稳定性等要求。

单项选择题

Personality is to a large extent inherent. A-type parents usually (1) A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect (2) if competition is important to the parents, it is (3) to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

One place where children (4) A characteristics is school, which is, (5) its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools (6) the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current (7) for making children compete against their classmates or against the (8) produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too (9) to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, (10) dead seconds after saying. "Rejoice, we conquer!"

(11) the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. There is, for example, a (12) school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The (13) of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain (14) of failure is positively harmful.

(15) , it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to (16) a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.

If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was (17) , more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection (18) the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such (19) as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be (20) .

13()

A.merits

B.drawbacks

C.defects

D.faults

多项选择题