问题 问答题

有一种专利产品热红止疼袋,它是用厚塑料袋密封的某种晶体制成的,使用前先把它放入沸水中使袋中晶体完全熔化成液体后拿出,在任何环境温度下储存备用(此时液体处于过冷状态中).使用时用手轻掰袋内金属片,袋内液体受到振动后便迅速结晶凝结成固体,放出大量的熔解热并使它的温度迅速升高到52℃左右,贴近患处热敷从而达到止疼的作用.试从物体内能的角度分析此过程它的内能的变化情况(可以忽略凝固过程中外界对他所做的功).设袋内晶体的质量为m、熔解热为q、比热为c,过程中温度升高了Δt℃,推导过程中内能变化的表达式ΔE=?

答案

ΔE=qm-cmΔt

(1)在标准状况下水结冰时,水的动能不发生变化而水的势能将减少;

(2)一般的情况下物体在加热升温过程中,是物体的动能与势能都增加;

(3)本题却是一个特殊的放热升温的过程,问题中出现了物体的势能减少量大于物体的动能的增加量的情况.

分子动能与分子势能是物体内能的不可分割的两部分,而分子动能与分子势能,有各自的决定因素,在分析、计算问题的过程中,应对分子动能和分子势能,进行分别的分析和计算.

 [思路一]根据分子势能与分子动能的概念,分子势能的变化由分子间平均距离与分子总数决定,本题中应利用过程中所释放出的熔解热及升温过程中所吸收的比热,再由熔解热及比热的概念去求解;而分子动能的变化由分子总数与温度决定,本题应由比热去求解.

 [思路二]根据热力学第二定律,考虑做功的过程中做的功可以忽略,而热传递过程中所释放出的热是问题的主要矛盾,再用能的转化和守恒定律分析过程中的能量转化关系,列方程求解.

 [思路三]根据能的转化和守恒定律,分析过程中的能量转化关系,列出方程.在根据过程中所释放出的熔解热及升温过程中所吸收的比热,列出相应的方程进行求解.

★ 试题详解: (根据思路一)

 液体凝固的过程,是分子总势能减少的过程,其减少量应为qm,而温度升高的过程则是分子平均动能增大即分子总动能增大的过程,分子总动能增加量应为cmΔt,由于整体是放热,内能应减少,其减少量应等于物体分子总势能的减少量减去分子总动能的增加量.

 即ΔE=qm-cmΔt

 本题是物体内能变化的问题,而物体内能由物体分子总动能与物体分子总势能共同决定.势能与动能虽可以互相转化,但并无直接对应关系,应分别分析计算.

填空题
阅读理解
Directions:Read the following passage.Fill in the numbered blanks by using the information from
the passage.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer
    The first mobile telephones used a system, or network, called 1G. It was the "first generation" of
technology. This allowed one person to call and talk to another person, but that was all. By the early
1990s, the second generation, or 2G network, came into use. It allowed talking and sending text
messages. By that time, cell phones were much smaller and cost much less. 
     Thirdgeneration mobile phones are known as 3G. Data speed in 3G networks is much quicker. This
means users can have highspeed Internet access and enjoy video and CDquality music on their phones.
     "Mobile data is not a dream; it's not an option but a requirement," said Len Lauer, head of a US
communications company, Sprint PCS, at a 3G conference in Bangkok earlier this month.
     With 3G, you can forget about text messages telling you yesterday's news; a 3G phone can receive
video news programs, updated four times a day. Internet access will also be much quicker, making it easier to surf the Web on your phone than on your computer at home.
     Don't worry about getting lost. 3G phones offer map services so you can find a new restaurant just by
pressing a few keys on your handset.
     However, the most impressive part of 3G technology is video calling. With live twoway video
communication, you can have facetoface talks with friends and family on your mobile phone.
     Within the past two years, the 4G network has come into use. It permits cell phones to work much
faster and have much more information. Modern cell phones can even act as small televisions. They can
show movies and live sporting events.
     As the networks have gotten more complex, the telephones have gotten smaller, lighter and less costly. Many electronics stores in the United States even give away the newest cell phones. But customers must agree to pay to use the network that sends their calls from one place to another.
     It is interesting to imagine what the 5G and 6G network cell phones of the future will be able to do.
     Title: 1.________of mobile telephones
1G2.________to another person
2Gtalk and send 3.________
3G
4.________data speed: 5.________ video and CDquality music ?video news programs:
updated  6. ________ a day   Internet access: quicker and easier
Impressive  7.______offer map services, helping you find your way ?provide twoway video communication
with  8.________
4Gwork much faster and 9.________much more information  ?act as small televisions show movies and 10.________sporting events