问题 多项选择题 案例分析题

患者男,56岁。糖尿病病史20年,未规律治疗。8年前出现双下肢发凉、针刺感等。4年前开始应用胰岛素治疗,但血糖控制仍不佳。2周前出现左足趾间破溃,自行换药,症状无明显缓解,溃疡面迅速扩展,伴恶臭。患者近期食欲尚可,无恶心、呕吐。既往患高血压、冠心病。体格检查:T37.3℃,P90次/分,R18次/分,BP150/85mmHg。神清,精神差,心肺(-)。腹软,全腹无压痛,肝脾未触及,肠鸣音存。双下肢胫前散在较多褐色素沉着斑,边界清晰,双足背动脉搏动消失,左足前部大面积溃疡,有脓性分泌物,伴恶臭,周边皮肤呈紫黑色。门诊实验室检查:空腹血糖10.3mmol/L↑。

局部伤口经清创、换药治疗后效果不佳,足溃疡进展迅速(下图,见彩图4、彩图5),临床考虑合并厌氧菌感染,可采用哪些进一步治疗()

A.清创后延期缝合

B.限制性前足骨切除术

C.关节重建术

D.皮肤移植术

E.彻底清创及血管重建

F.下肢截肢术

答案

参考答案:E, F

解析:

1.患者糖尿病足感染严重,虽然查血ACTH明显升高,但是结合临床患者无皮质醇增多症的表现,故考虑为严重应激所致,不能诊断为库欣综合征。甲状腺功能检测虽然发现FT降低,但FT、TSH正常、rT升高,故不能诊断为甲状腺功能减退症,而应考虑为低T综合征,与患者严重的基础病变有关。低钙血症可刺激血PTH的合成和释放,使血PTH升高,应考虑为继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症,而不是原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。 

2.胰岛素的主要适应证之一是糖尿病合并重症感染,本患者存在足部严重感染,因此,应采用胰岛素强化治疗方案,以更积极的控制血糖。同时,应使用改善微循环和营养神经的药物,并对症控制感染。患者存在低T综合征,此为机体在严重全身性疾病时的一种表现,治疗方面以控制原发病为主,不宜补充甲状腺激素。患者低血钙,并已造成甲状旁腺激素分泌增加,应补充钙剂和维生素D制剂,以辅助治疗。 

3.清创后延期缝合术、限制性前足骨切除术、关节重建术、皮肤移植术等均不适用于坏疽和伤口组织严重感染的患者。本例患者伤口面积巨大,感染严重,进展迅速,临床上也考虑合并厌氧茵感染。临床上可首先彻底清创。在短期治疗后,如效果良好,可考虑血管重建术,尽量保存患肢功能;如效果不明显,仍应积极选择下肢截肢术,以避免感染进一步扩散至全身。 

4.糖尿病足的预防对于提高患者的生活质量是非常重要。在严格控制血糖的基础上,应注意足部护理,如温水洗脚、按摩,但局部不要用力揉搓,以免损伤皮肤,不要使热水袋直接与患者皮肤接触,以免烫伤。不要长时间浸泡足,干燥的足部可涂抹少量护肤油。糖尿病患者应穿软底鞋,鞋头部应较宽,可采用专业矫形鞋改变足底的压力,减少神经性溃疡的形成。戒烟有利于改善血管收缩的状态。定期进行足部检查,如有溃疡,应立即治疗促使溃疡愈合。可定期进行血管超声的检查,观察血管内斑块的变化。

阅读理解

Thanksgiving Day is a special holiday in the United States and Canada.Families and friends gather to eat and give thanks for their blessing.

Thanksgiving Day is really a harvest festival.This is why it is celebrated in late fall,after the crops are in. But one of the first thanksgivings in America had nothing to do with a good harvest.On December 4,1619,the Pilgrims from England landed near what is now Charles City,Virginia.They knelt down and thanked God for their safe journey across the Atlantic.

The first New England Thanksgiving did celebrate a rich harvest.The Pilgrims landed at what is now Plymouth,Massachusetts,in 1620.They had a difficult time and the first winter was cruel.Many of the Pilgrims died. But the next year,they had a good harvest.So Governor Bradford declared a three­day feast (盛宴).The Pilgrims invited Indian friends to join them for their special feast. Everyone brought food.

In time,other colonies (殖民地) began to celebrate a day of thanksgiving. But it took years before there was a national Thanksgiving Day. During the Civil War,Sarah Josepha Hale persuaded Abraham Lincoln to do something about it. He proclaimed (宣布) the last Thursday of November 1863 as a day of thanksgiving. Today, Americans celebrate this happy harvest festival on the fourth Thursday in November.Canadians celebrate Thanksgiving Day in much the same way as their American neighbours.But the Canadian Thanks­giving Day falls on the second Monday in October.

小题1:Thanksgiving Day is celebrated         .

A.in spring

B.in summer

C.in autumn

D.in winter小题2:The first to celebrate thanksgiving were         .

A.some people from England

B.the American Indians

C.Sarah Josepha Hale

D.Governor Bradford小题3:We can infer from the passage that New England must be         .

A.in the U.S.A.

B.in Great Britain

C.in Canada

D.on some island off the Atlantic

小题4:Which of the following is NOT true?

A.Thanksgiving Day used to be a holiday to celebrate a good harvest.

B.Abraham Lincoln was not the first to decide on thanksgiving celebrations.

C.Thanksgiving Day is celebrated to express the American and Indian people’s thanks to God.

D.There’s little difference between the American way and the Canadian way to celebrate Thanksgiving Day.小题5:The passage mainly tells us         .

A.how Thanksgiving Day is celebrated in the U.S.A.

B.how Thanksgiving Day came into being and the different ways it is celebrated

C.that Thanksgiving Day is in fact a harvest holiday

D.how the way to celebrate Thanksgiving Day changed with the time and places

判断题