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问题 单项选择题

局灶性节段性肾小球硬化病理特征是（）

A.近曲小管上皮严重脂肪变性

B.系膜细胞及系膜基质弥漫增生

C.毛细血管袢广泛呈现双轨征

D.基膜增厚 E.毛细血管节段性硬化

答案

参考答案：E

解析：

光镜下局灶性，节段性肾小球硬化，首先侵犯髓旁肾小球近血管极部位。相应肾小管萎缩，肾间质纤维化。IgM和C3在受累节段呈团块状沉积。 好发于青少年男性，起病隐匿，主要表现为肾病综合征，约75%患者伴血尿，确诊时常已有高血压和肾功能减退。多数有近曲小管功能障碍。激素和细胞毒药物疗效差，逐渐发展为肾衰竭。

单项选择题

法的最本质的属性是( )。

A．个人的意志

B．统治阶级的意志

C．超阶级的共同意志

D．非统治阶级的意志
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单项选择题

Questions 26～30


Extract 1


Simply put, a newspaper editorial is an article that expresses an opinion. While this single sentence may not seem to do justice to defining what an editorial is, think about this brief definition. What other types of article express this defining characteristic What other articles actively promote the expression of an opinion Reviewers may include factual information, so their personal opinions do not totally dominate a review, and news reporters attempt to give "just the facts" about a situation. Editorials are one of the few types of articles that celebrate the expression of opinion; they are wholly centred on the opinion being presented by the writer and the debate and discussion that the opinion incites.
That said, an editorial writer often attempts to the best of his or her own ability to defend the opinion that is being presented against potential counterarguments—a good editorial does not appear in a vacuum; this defence employs argument, logic, and other appeals to readers in an attempt to achieve a desired effect. The purpose of any given editorial is entirely directed by its writer. Most often, however, editorial writers seek to prove the validity of an opinion through argument, point out something that has been ignored, or simply create discussion about a topic. In sum, most editorials will inevitably involve the defence of an opinion in the hopes of advancing some goal that the writer has in mind.

Extract 2


If you want to become a music journalist, there are several starting points. One is to have a good knowledge of the greats, because when you write you have to put today’s music into context. It isn’t enough simply to be familiar with the music of the last five years. Another way is to specialize in a particular type of music, such as folk, country or techno. And the third starting point is to be a musician. This opens doors to the magazines targeted specifically at musicians rather than a more general readership. There may be opportunities if you don’t fit any of those three categories, but it’s a competitive marketplace so it’s important that in some way you meet the sometimes quite specific needs of the music magazines.
Staff jobs do get advertised from time to time, but your best approach might be to work freelance. This way you can do non-music writing as well, if necessary, to add to your income, and equally importantly, you’ll have greater creative freedom by writing for different music magazines. In general they make sure they meet their readers’ very specific expectations, and so you may find writing just for one is limiting.

Extract 3


This book was published before under a different title and the material has been reissued in the A Very Short Introduction... series of titles which aim to give readers a brief, colourful insight into a subject and ignite a passion for further learning and discovery. The series is an alternative to the Introducing... series of yesteryear, which briefly introduced readers to people, topics and ideas. Journalism: A Very Short Introduction suffers where the Introducing... titles excelled. Humour was used by the Introducing... series to great effect to draw the reader in and make the subject covered that much more interesting. So much rests on how a subject is taught, and being likened to a textbook, which is a real risk in the present case, would be the kiss of death for a title such as this.

According to the second paragraph of Extract 1, editorial writers are likely to ______.

A. explain the circumstances in which they could change their opinion
B. claim to have opinions that they do not really hold
C. take other people’s opinions into account
D. summarize other writers’ opinions on the same topic
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