问题 问答题 简答题

转8AG、转8G型摇枕组成主要由哪些零部件组成?

答案

参考答案:

转8AG、转8G型摇枕组成完全相同,主要由摇枕、下心盘、固定杠杆支点座、斜楔摩擦面磨耗板、交叉杆安全链吊座等5部分构成。

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下文,完成文后各题。

“道”何以要“法”“自然”

古今中外对《老子》的注释,不计其数,但仍免不了有问题,甚至是严重的问题。《老子》第二十五章有一段非常有名的话,即:“人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然。”在所“法”对象递进上升的这段话中,最后一句的“道法自然”,就令今人困惑难解。

  “自然”在《老子》一书中,所指称的是一种最好的“状态”和“方式”,而不是任何意义上的物理对象或自然世界。它所指称的这种状态和方式,可以是属于宇宙间的,也可以是属于人世间的。一种有影响的解释,说它是指“自己如此”。根据老子的用法,这个解释原则上是可以成立的。相比而言,“道”是老子思想中一个最重要的词,它的扑朔迷离,让许多思想家费尽心思。老子的“道”究竟是什么,人们的见解相左不已。难得后人一致肯定的是,老子确实把“道”“形而上”化了,老子使“道”玄之又玄;“道”是老子哲学的最高概念,“道”是指宇宙和万物的根本。按照对自然和道的这种理解,“道法自然”,就是位格最高的“道”,要去“法”位格低的“自然”。这不仅使人在理智上有不圆满感,在情感上也难以接受。为了克服和解决情理的双重不安,“道法自然”就很安逸地被解释为“道自己如此”。这种解释保证了“道”的尊严,但在语言文字上不一贯。因为用法同样的“人法地,地法天,天法道”的“法”被解释为“效法”,而连接“道”与“自然”关系的“法”却被忽略不计了。此外,义理上也有问题,因为“道法自然”决不是指“道自己如此,它“法”的正是“自然”。它包含着老子宇宙秩序观的奥秘,也包含着老子深刻的政治智慧奥秘。

  王弼注对《老子》中的这段话注释得很清楚:“法,谓法则也。人不违地,乃得全安,法地也。地不违天,乃得全载,法天也。天不违道,乃得全覆,法道也。道不违自然,乃得其性,法自然也。法自然者,在方而法方,在圆而法圆,于自然无所违也。”“法”是“法则”,也就是“效法”,更恰当地说是“遵循”或“遵从”,“不违”与此同义。“道不违自然”,即“道遵循自然”。 “万物”为“道”所生,“道”何以还要遵循万物之“自然”,回答是“道”生成万物而又“无为”于“万物”。对“万物”无为,就是让万物按其本性“自己”成就自己,这就是“自然而然”。宇宙秩序的奥妙,就是道不干预万物,万物各得其宜,万物自然造化。在人类政治秩序中,圣王遵循“道”的“无为”,在政治上“为无为”、“事无事”。百姓为万物之一,也以“自然”而存在。老子还使用了与“自”合成的“自化”、“自正”、“自均”、“自富”等词,其意义与“自然”接近,都是强调“百姓”能够自我成就、自我实现,以此形成一种自发的政治秩序。如果圣王横加干涉,就会破坏百姓的“自然”。圣王不干涉百姓,就是遵循百姓之自然。圣王如果推行万能的统治,百姓就一事无成;圣王如果到处干涉,百姓就无所适从。

  由此可见,“道”遵循“万物”之“自然”,并没有降低“道”,反而因此得“道”之“尊”,就像江海之所以成“百谷王”,是因为它能够容纳百川那样;“圣王”遵循“百姓”之“自然”,也不会使圣王威风扫地,因为稳如泰山的“高”和“贵”,也必须是“以下为基”、“以贱为本”的。这就是老子“道法自然”的智慧和奥妙。

小题1:下列不属于把“道法自然”解释为“道自己如此”的理由的一项是(3分)

A.这是一种有影响的解释,它保证了“道”的尊严。

B.“道”是老子哲学的最高概念,“道”的位格高于“自然”的位格。

C.“道”是老子思想中一个最重要的词,是宇宙和万物的根本,

D.如果把“道法自然”解释为“道效法自然”,会使人产生情理上的双重不妥。小题2:下列关于本文的理解,正确的一项是(3分)

A.今人对《老子》一书仍存在不少困惑难解的地方,例如老子所说的“自然”及“道”就让许多思想家费尽心思,见解相左不已。

B.后人一致肯定“道”是老子哲学的最高概念,这是因为老子确实把“道”“形而上”化了,使“道”变得玄之又玄。

C.老子“道法自然”的哲学思想运用于人类政治秩序,其表现就是在政治上“为无为”、“事无事”,不过分干涉百姓,让百姓自我成就,自我实现。

D.本文作者指出了把“道法自然”解释为“道自己如此”这一见解的错误,提出了自己独到的新见解。

阅读理解

As we know, it is very important that a firm should pay attention to the training of its staff as there exist many weak points in its various departments. Staff training must have a purpose, which is defined when a firm considers its training needs, which are in turn based on job descriptions and job specifications(规范).

A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a particular job, and a job specification should give information about the behaviour, knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in the position. When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification. This specifies(详细说明) that the training department must teach for the successful performance of the job, and also the best methods to use in the training period.

There are many different training methods, and there are advantages and disadvantages in all of them. Successful training performances depend on an understanding of the difference between learning about skills and training in using them. It is frequently said that learning about skills takes place “off the job” in classroom, but training in using these skills takes place “on the job,” by means of such activities as practice in the workshop.

It’s always difficult to evaluate the costs of a training programme. The success of such a programme depends not only on the methods used but also on the quality of the staff who do the training. A company can often check savings in time and cost by examining the work performed by the workers and technicians who have completed a training programme. The evaluation of management training is much more complex than that.

小题1:     The writer mainly wants to tell us_____by the passage.

A. Why firms should pay attention to staff training

B. Staff training must have a purpose

C. Purposes and methods are most important in staff training

D. How to evaluate a training programme小题2:A training specification specifies_____

A. the training contents and methods

B. the cost and savings of the programme

C. the performance required for a certain job

D. the behaviour, knowledge and skills expected of an employee小题3:To be successful in training programmes, we must understand the difference between_____

A. the purposes and the methods

B. job description and job specification

C. what is taught and how it is taught

D. learning about skills and training in using them小题4:The underlined word “evaluate”means_____

A.find out the price of

B.judge the value of

C.deal with

D.expect and believe