阅读下面的文章，完成文后各题

柏林墙的碎片①

刘小枫

(1)柏林墙上曾有过一种文化，如今这种文化变成了碎片。

(2)自从民主德国的一些公民在柏林墙东侧掘开了几个大口，让东西柏林人自由往来，柏林墙开始变成历史的废墟。在柏林墙的西侧上面，有用油料涂满的图画和语言，一些地方甚至层层重叠，不断更新创作。如今，人们带着欢庆的心情涌向柏林墙，用铁锤和铁砧在墙上敲下几块碎片，作为历史遗留的纪念品珍藏起来。谁知道这些带有各色油彩的碎片在几十年或几百年以后会值多少钱呢?如今，巴掌大的一块碎片售价已高达十个西德马克。此外，用小小的碎片做成的精致耳环和胸针，已在柏林墙前出售。对柏林人来说，这似乎是今年最佳的圣诞礼品。不难想见，用柏林墙的碎片做成的艺术品种类会日益繁多。

(3)然而，我在著名的布兰登堡门的柏林墙西侧，见到一篇写在大木板上的优美散文。上面的文字告诫人们：“柏林墙被掘开了，但是，这并没有伴随着胜利的欢歌，只有沉重的记忆带来的苦涩思索。”难道人们一定要用种种政治意识把人类敲击成碎片?难道只是在政治领域才会有一座座柏林墙?难道这个世界上筑起的高墙要永远存在下去?

(4)令人深思的是，把人在地理上、生理上、心理上隔绝开的柏林墙，却是由主张整个人类拥有解放和幸福的政治理想构筑起来的。柏林墙文化是人类之耻辱的符号，值得庆幸的是，如今它已经变成了碎片。柏林墙的碎片亦是人类之耻辱的记忆符号，它不知与多少活生生的人的肉体和精神碎片掺合在一起。作为一种艺术品，柏林墙的碎片也许是非常独特的；而作为一种文化，这一现象绝不只具有讽刺意味，它意指的或蕴藏着的绝不是人类的欢悦，而是人类永远洗刷不净的污秽和永远消退不去的悲哀。

(5)柏林墙绝不是一种仅在德国才有的现象，它不过是在世界上处处存在着的各种隔绝人身、诋毁人身的有形和无形的凝聚。柏林墙是用钢筋和水泥铸成的，这意味着现代技术可以生成隔绝人身、诋毁人身的墙的原材料。墙在这个现代世界无处不在，无处不有。不管是这个世界还是我们自己，都是碎片——涂有各色油料的碎片。柏林墙作为一个普通的象征绝不只具有政治意味。

(6)惟一能穿透那隔绝、诋毁人身的墙的是爱。然而，令人悲哀的是，如今爱本身也成了碎片，甚至也经常成为一种墙。人的爱不是神的爱。一旦人的爱与那自我牺牲的上帝之爱相分离，就必然变成碎片。这难道不是我们的现实?

(7)我也来到柏林墙前，用铁锤敲下了几块碎片，把它们收藏起来。对我来说，我收藏的不仅是柏林墙本身，更是这个世界本身，这个时代本身，还有我们自己。

(选自《这一代人的怕和爱》，有改动)

【注】①1949年，美国拉拢加拿大、英国、法国等国成立了针对苏联的“北大西洋公约组织”。1955年，苏联和东欧七国成立“华沙条约组织”，美苏两极格局形成。1949年，在美国和苏联各自的支持下，德国西部和东部先后成立了德意志联邦共和国和德意志民主共和国，德国分裂，首都柏林也同样分裂为东、西两部分。随着冷战的加剧，1961年，民主德国政府沿西柏林四周筑起了一条长近一百七十千米，由水泥墙、铁丝网和瞭望塔组成的封锁线，用以阻止居民外流和西方势力的渗透。这条封锁线被称为“柏林墙”，它成为德国分裂的标志。

小题1:文章开篇说“柏林墙上曾有过一种文化”，就全文来看，这里的“文化”指什么?(2分)

小题2:①文章第(2)段用了不少笔墨写“人们带着欢庆的心情珍藏柏林墙的碎片”，作者这样写的目的是什么?(4分)

②文章第(3)段末尾作者用了3个由“难道”引导的句子，这样写的作用是什么?(4分)

小题3:作者在文中说“墙在这个现代世界无处不在，无处不有”，试就这里所说的“墙”，另举本文之外的典型例子谈谈你个人的看法。(4分)

If you're into sports, you've seen it happen． You've probably even experienced it: basketball players shaking hands after four quarters of knocking each other around, tennis players leaping over the net to shake hands with their opponents （对手）  after a hard-fought match, soccer players exchanging sport shirts after an intense 90 minutes, even boxers touching gloves at the beginning of each round, then hugging each other after beating each other into a pulp for 12 rounds． It seems like competitors in every event, from spelling bees to hockey, behave this way． What's going on?

It's all part of sportsmanship, a great tradition in sports and competition that means playing clean and handling both victory and defeat with grace, style, and dignity．

What is sportsmanship? Sportsmanship is defined as: playing fair, following the rules of the game, respecting the judgment of referees and officials, treating opponents with respect．

Some people define good sportsmanship as the "golden rule" of sports --- in other words, treating the people you play with and against as you'd like to be treated yourself． You demonstrate good sportsmanship when you show respect for yourself, your teammates, and your opponents, for the coaches on both sides, and for the referees, judges, and other officials．

But sportsmanship isn't just reserved for the people on the field． Cheerleaders and fans also need to be aware of how they behave during competition． Sportsmanship is a style and an attitude; and it can have a positive influence on everyone around you．

Learning good sportsmanship means finding that the positive attitude learned on the field carries over into other areas of life． At school, for example, you're able to appreciate the contributions made by classmates and know how to work as part of a team to complete a project． You may enjoy more success at work as well, because a big part of learning good sportsmanship is learning to be respectful of others, including customers and co-workers．

小题1:The author introduces the topic of the passage by___________．

A．showing an interesting discussion

B．comparing several sport events

C．explaining some game rules

D．giving some specific examples小题2: When players play clean, ____________．

A．they play in fresh air

B．they play in a skilled way

C．they play within the rules

D．they play without hurting each other小题3:The purpose of writing this passage is to ____________．

A．advise readers to take some exercise

B．provide some basic sport knowledge

C．show the meaning of sportsmanship

D．expect players to compete actively