问题 填空题

在“探究加速度与力、质量的关系”的实验中如图1.

(1)研究作用力一定时加速度与质量成反比的结论时,下列说法中正确的是______

A.平衡摩擦力时,应将装砂的小桶用细绳通过定滑轮系在小车上

B.每次改变小车质量时,要重新平衡摩擦力

C.实验时,先放开小车,再接通打点计时器的电源

D.在小车中增减砝码,应使小车和砝码的质量远大于砂和小桶的总质量

(2)某次实验中得到一条纸带,如图2所示,从比较清晰的点起,每5个计时点取一个计数点,分别标明0、1、2、3、4…,量得0与 1两点间距离x1=30mm,1与2两点间距离x2=36mm,2与3两点间距离x3=42mm,3与4两点间的距离x4=48mm,则小车在打计数点2时的瞬时速度为______ m/s,小车的加速度为______m/s2

(3)某同学测得小车的加速度a和拉力F的数据如右表所示:(小车质量保持不变)

F/N0.200.300.400.500.60
a/m•s-20.100.200.280.400.52
①请根据表中的数据在坐标图如图3,上作出a-F图象

②图线不过原点的原因可能是______.

答案

(1)A、在该实验中,我们认为绳子的拉力就等于小车所受的合外力,故在平衡摩擦力时,细绳的另一端不能悬挂装砂的小桶,故A错误.

B、由于平衡摩擦力之后有Mgsinθ=μMgcosθ,故tanθ=μ.所以无论是否改变小车的质量,小车所受的滑动摩擦力都等于小车的重力沿斜面的分力.故B错误.

C、由于在刚刚接通电源的瞬间打点计时器打点并不稳定,故应该先接通打点计时器电源待打点稳定后再放开小车,以节约纸带,故C错误.

D、本实验用砂和小桶的总重力代替细线的拉力,由于砂和小桶加速下降,处于失重状态,故拉力小于重力,只有加速度很小拉力约等于重力,故应使小车和砝码的质量远大于砂和小桶的总质量;故D正确;

故选D;

(2)因为每五个打印点取一个记数点,所以相邻的计数点之间的时间间隔为0.1s

利用匀变速直线运动的推论得:

v2=

x13
t13
=
(0.036+0.042)m
2×0.1s
=0.39m/s

根据运动学公式得:△x=aT2

a=

△x
T2
=
x12-x01
T2
=
0.036-0.030
0.12
m/s2=0.60m/s2

(3)①应用描点法作图,先根据表中实验数据在坐标系内描出对应点,然后根据各点作出a-F图象,图象如图所示.

②由a-F图象可知,图线不过原点,在横轴上有截距;这表明在拉力大到一定程度时,小车才开始运动,

这可能是在实验前没有平衡小车受到的摩擦力,或平衡摩擦力时,木板垫起的倾角太小,平衡摩擦力不够造成的.

故答案为:(1)D;(2)0.39,0.60;(3)①如图所示;②没有平衡摩擦力或平衡摩擦力时木板倾角太小.

单项选择题
单项选择题

Questions 196-200 refer to the following report and e-mail.
Ms. Megumi Sullivan                             September 4
Vice President
Granziano Steel Company
1119 East 59th Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60637-1513
Dear Ms. Sullivan,
The maintenance expense figures for the Peoria, Deca, Springfield and Chicago plants are as follows:

MonthPeoriaDecaSpringfieldChicago
January$6,739$8,926$6,812$2,274
February$6,826$8,388$6,558$7,901
March$7,410$8,002$7,042$7,859
April$7,178$8,362$7,846$7,905
May$6,204$8,857$6,812$7,384
June$6,365$8,335$7,593$7,672
July$6,940$8,049$6,727$7,041
August$7,844$8,226$7,880$7,899
September$6,258$8,521$6,205$7,414
October$6,012$8,770$6,354$7,737
November$7,749$8,559$7,119$7,868
December$6,186$8,447$6,005$7,606
The expenses at the Deca plant are higher than those at the Peoria, Springfield and Chicago plants because the Deca plant buildings, built in 1963, were almost collapsing in the year recorded.
The Peoria, Springfield and Chicago plants were built in the 1984, 1991 and 1995 respectively.
Sincerely,


Paul Horvath, General Manager
To: Paul Horvath
From: Megumi Sullivan
Sent: Wed 9/11 10:29 A.M.
Subject: Deca plant
The report helped me understand the situation at the plant in Deca.
The board of directors will have a meeting next week to discuss renovation plans for the Deca plant. The Deca plant buildings will undergo extensive and costly renovations. Obviously, there is a great deal of work to be done. I’m planning to spend a few days in Deca at the end of this month, and would like to meet you there.
I would like to know what your assessment of the situation is. My secretary will contact you later this week, and let you know the dates when I’ll be there. My secretary will make the travel arrangements for you. Various proposals will be put forward for renovation at next week’s meeting.
If you have any proposals, please send them to me as soon as possible, and I’II ensure that they are reviewed.

According to the report, which of the following is true

A. Mr. Horvath is proposing that the four plants be renovated.
B. The Graziano Steel Company is planning to relocate its local plants.
C. The newest plant had the lowest expenses in the last three months.
D. The Springfield plant had the most affordable maintenance costs for March.