问题 多项选择题

British police forces are reviewing more than 450 unsolved crimes in a push to capitalise on dramatic advances in DNA forensic science. The advent of new ways to collect DNA from items at crime scenes, coupled with powerful analytical tools, has made it possible to obtain DNA profiles of suspects from undetected crimes or cold cases committed nearly 20 years ago, according to a Home Office spokeswoman. The operation has already identified 42 suspects.
The reviews focus on serious, often sexual offences and encompass at least 451 crimes committed between 1989 and 1995. Forensic scientists are returning to items of evidence stored at the time, from scraps of clothing to microscope slides holding just a few cells obtained from victims.
This week, scientists at the Forensic Science Service, which manages the police national DNA database, used the pioneering technique of familial searching to help convict James Lloyd, a shoe fetishist who pleaded guilty to six sexual assaults at Sheffield crown court.
The conviction came after scientists recovered DNA from a 20-year-old sperm sample held on a microscope slide. While the DNA did not match anyone on the DNA database, scientists searched again for similar DNA profiles and found a close match with his sister.
The high-profile success follows the first use of a new intelligence tool known as pendulum list searching (PLS) which led to the conviction last month of Duncan Turner for a sexual assault in Birmingham in August 2005. Scientists working on the case found a mixture of DNA from different people on a pair of sunglasses found at the crime scene. They used PLS to generate a list of theoretical DNA profiles that could make up the mix. Some 500 pairs of theoretical DNA fingerprints were entered into the database, and one matched Turner. The FSS ploughed a further £ 6m into research last year and more powerful and precise techniques are in the pipeline.
Part of the push to review cold cases of sexual assaults comes from the development of a technique called Fish, or Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation, which allows forensic experts to identify and pluck just a few male cells from a swab of female cells taken from the victim. The technique identifies male cells by dyeing green only those carrying the male Y chromosome. Once they are stained, another new tool, laser microdissection, is used to cut them out and collect them, so a full profile can be obtained.
Jim Fraser, a forensic scientist who served as an expert witness in the case of Michael Stone, who was convicted of a double murder in Kent in 1996, said advances in DNA science had already led to suspects being identified beyond the grave and would continue to become more powerful. "The long arm of the law is getting considerably longer-there’s really no hiding place now," he said.

What is the controversy over the use of the national DNA database

According to Cathy Turner, a consultant forensic scientist at the FSS, the rapid advances in DNA technology have transformed the role of forensic scientists. "We’ve gone beyond corroborating allegations to using DNA and other techniques to provide fresh intelligence," she said. The swelling of the police national DNA database, which now holds profiles for 3.5m people, has in the last five years quadrupled the number of cases in which DNA is used. It provides police with some 3,000 matches to suspects every month. The national DNA database has been criticised by privacy groups, who fear the privatised database could potentially be misused, but for police forces it is an invaluable resource, said Dr. Fraser. "None of this evidence is infallible, irrefutable or unarguable. But it’s pretty much the best evidence that’ll ever be presented to the criminal justice system by some considerable way," he said.

答案

参考答案:criticized by some "privacy groups"/ their major concern is the protection of people’s privacy/in their mind, the "privatized database" might be misused for other purposes/ the police forces consider it "an invaluable resource" because it can provide "best evidence" to the criminal justice system /(although it is not "infallible, irrefutable or unarguable)\

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2009年网瘾调查报告

朱磊

今天上午,中国青少年网络协会在京发布《2009年青少年同瘾调查报告》调查报告表明

青少年网瘾状况并不让人乐观。

 

调查显示,目前我国城市网瘾青少年约占青少年网民的14.1%,人数约为2404.2万人,

其中年龄在18至23岁的青少年网瘾比例最高,其次是24至29岁。

而网癌青少年主要是“网络游戏成瘾”,其斑是“网络关系成瘾”。近一半网瘾青少年(47 .9%)把“玩网络游戏”作为其上网的主要目的并且花费的时间最长,属于“网络游戏成瘫”;13.2%的网癌青少年在“聊天或交友”上花费的时间最长,属于“网络关系成瘾”。在上网目的方面。网瘾青少年中选择以“玩网络游戏”为主要上网目的的比例(47.9%)远远高于非网癌青少年中选择这一选项的比例(21.1%);而非网瘾青少年中以“学习和工作”(45.5%)为主要上网目的的比例则显著高于网瘾青少年(31.5%)。

此外,调查发现。社会经济发展水平低的城市,网瘾青少年比例高于发展水平高的城市。

调查人员分析认为,发展水平高的城市青少年接触网络频度较高、时间较早,在对网络的认

识和使用方面,较不发达城市更为成熟。此外,发达城市青少年所接触的教育及课外活动资

源比较丰富。青少年在课余时间会被安排更多与网络无关的事项。而不发达城市的青少年如

果对于学习或生活感到厌烦。没有其它地方可去,也没有其它事情可做,他们更容易到网吧

上网。导致网瘾。

本次调查中还发现一个值得关注的现象。网瘾青少年中有60.畅的人使用过手机上网,

非网瘾青少年使用过手机上网的比例仅为49 4%,网癌青少年更多地尝试过使用手机上网。而在使用过手机上网的青少年网民中,网瘪青少年比例为16.2%,高于全体青少年网民中的网瘾比例(14.1%)。

“随着手机上网越来越便利.手机网民数量的急剧增加,手机上网有可能会成为青少年

网癌的一个新动向。”报告说。

青少年为什么热衷上网?

调查人员在访谈中发现,青少年认为网络是一个逃避消极情绪的良好处所,给予了他们

逃避现实、减轻心理压力、填补空虚生活的机会。网络在青少年眼中还是一个与他人交流的

良好平台,让他们可以“更自信”、“更舒适”。而网癌青少年将“成就感”和“满足感”视为他们从网上得到的最快乐的东西,网瘾青少年对网络的依赖性更强。

调查显示,网瘾青少年中“平常不主动与人交往”的比例显著高于非网瘾青少年。在非

网癌青少年中.有29.1%的青少年“平常不主动与人交往”;而在网瘾青少年中,这一比例达到38.0%。

此外。网瘾青少年与非网瘾青少年在家庭结构和家庭氛围上有显著差别:在网瘾青少年

中身处单亲家庭的孩子比较多;网瘾青少年往往与家长缺乏交流沟通、或者互相不能理解。

此次调壹还发现,目前网癌治疗行业情况不容乐观。多数治疗机构存在着网瘪判定标准

不明确、网瘪形成原因研究不深八、网癌治疗的方法没有针对性、网瘾治疗机构师资力量难

以保证等问题,甚至还有些机构仅仅把治疗网瘾当成赚钱的工具。而很多在这些机构中接受

治疗的青少年对于自己出去后能否彻底戒除网瘾并不抱有很大信心。调研人员认为,随着网

瘾问题愈来愈广泛地进入公众视野,对这一行业的规范和管理亟待加强。

在网瘾戒除和预防方面,调查显示。72.6%的青少年网民认为应该由政府来出资建立国家级网癌预防和救助基金。51.3%的青少年网民认为需要制定未成年人网络保护法。

报告谈到。我国已经在相关的法律法规中涉度到采成年人网络保护问题。但是随着网络

的迅速发展和社会影响力的不断扩大,以往的条款已经元法保证青少年健康上网,制定专门

的来成年人网络保护法已迫在眉睫。

“网瘾是一个十分复杂的社会问题,它涉及个人、家庭、学校、治疗机构等社会多方面

因素,需要各方的合作才能解决。”报告总结说。

[节选自《法制日报》,2010年2月2日]

小题1:请用简洁的语言为文中的三个小节分别拟一个小标题,填人横线上。(4分)

小题2:列数据是报告常用的方法。以第一小节的第二段为例,说说其表达作用。(5分)

小题3:报告中说网瘾“涉及个人、家庭、学校、治疗机构等社会多方面因素,需要各方的合作

才能解决。”请你根据对报告的理解,给出至少五点建议。(6分)

单项选择题