问题 问答题

平均利润和生产价格形成后为什么还会存在超额利润?它的本质是什么?

答案

参考答案:平均利润形成以前,商品是按照它的价值销售,商品的市场价格是以价值为基础。随着平均利润的形成,商品不再按价值销售,而是按生产价格销售,商品市场价格转而以生产价格为基础。生产价格是商品的生产成本和平均利润之和,它是价值的转化形式。用公式表示为:生产价格=生产成本+平均利润平均利润和生产价格的形成,并不排斥个别企业的资本家可以获得超额利润。个别企业的生产条件比较优越,劳动生产率比较高,其商品的个别生产价格低于社会生产价格,就能获得超过平均利润的利润,即超额利润。超额利润就是商品的个别生产价格低于社会生产价格的差额。超额利润是超额剩余价值的转化形式。平均利润和超额利润所反映的具体经济关系不同。平均利润的产生是与部门之间的竞争相联系的,它反映的是不同生产部门之间的资本主义关系。而超额利润是与部门内部的各个企业之间的竞争相联系的,它反映的是同一部门内部不同企业之间的资本主义关系。所以,超额利润并不会由于部门之间的竞争而平均化。

阅读理解

A famous building in New York City is turning 100 years old. A year-long celebration is planned for Grand Central Terminal, which is usually called Grand Central station, the sixth most-visited place in the world.

The huge building has not changed much since it opened in February, 1913. About 750,000 people pass through Grand Central every day. Some just come to look at it, others to visit the stores. But most are there to catch the trains that enter and leave from the station. It is the largest train station in the world. There are 67 train tracks, all of them underground.

The main part of the building has large, arched windows, a jeweled four-sided clock and ticket windows. Grand Central has been seen in many movies through the years. Dan Brucker is with the New York Transit Authority, which operates the station. Dan Brucker has worked for the transit authority at Grand Central for 30 years. In all those years, he has not lost his interest in the building.

Justin Ferate, a historian, has been giving tours of Grand Central Station for 30 years. He says the station was designed to make travel a pleasure.

“Why people don't run into each other in Grand Central is simple: each block of stone in Grand Central is the length of your leg. Each block of stone in Grand Central is the length of your arm. Each block of stone is a different color, so it’s a checkerboard, based on you.”   

A ten-year-long fight against plans to build a huge office building over Grand Central in 1968 helped create the modern preservation(保护) movement. Now, no one would think of changing the beauty of the station.

小题1:How long has Grand Central been in service ?

A.For 30 years.

B.For 10 years.

C.For 45 years.

D.For a century.小题2:A lot of people can’t ___________ in Grand Central.

A.enjoy the beauty of the buliding

B.visit the stores

C.take the trains

D.see movies小题3:Which of the following statements about the station is WRONG?

A.It’s in New York City.

B.It’s one of the most-visited places in the world.

C.It’s the largest train station in the world.

D.It has been changed much over the years.小题4:Both Dan Brucker and Justin Ferate ___________.

A.have worked for the station for 30 years

B.have given tours of the station for 30 years

C.show interest in the station

D.create the modern preservation movement for the station小题5:Which of the following statements can we infer(推断)according to the passage?

A.The station won’t be changed.

B.People will spend one month celebrating its anniversary.

C.More and more people will catch the trains in the station

D.The station will become larger and larger.

单项选择题 A1/A2型题