问题 问答题

试论述公正与平等的关系

答案

参考答案:社会公正是在肯定每一个公民都应该平等地享有权利和履行义务的前提下对事实上的不平等作适当限制来实现公民的人人平等。社会公正又以每一个公民都应该平等地承当社会角色、平等地享有权利和平等地履行义务为前提。也就是说,公正是以平等为前提的。每一个公民都应该在权利和义务上平等,这是社会公正的基本前提和出发点。(6分)公民在权利和义务上不平等肯定是不平等的社会,然而,公民在权利和义务上平等的社会也不一定就是平等的社会。尽管社会可以通过一定的方式保证每一个公民在承当社会角色以及享有与社会角色相应的权利和履行与社会角色相应的义务方面平等,但是,由于每一个公民的天资、作为、条件、环境、机遇等方面客观上不相同,因而公民尽管在权利和义务上平等,也仍然会出现事实上的不平等。比如,人们平等地享有权利和履行义务,但结果不平等;虽然人人都有平等地享有权利和履行义务的资格,但有的人没有能力去享有其中的一种或多种权利和义务;即便人们都有平等地享有权利和履行义务的资格,而且能享有权利和履行义务,但由于竞争、机遇等条件的影响而未能承当某种角色。在社会没有实现权利和义务方面的平等的时候,实现这种平等就使社会公正所要解决的主要问题,但在这一问题解决之后,这些事实上的不平等就成为社会公正所面临的主要问题。(4分)公民在权利和义务方面的平等只要是国家真正成为民主的国家,就能解决。但事实上不平等的问题,则不止是制度问题,而是涉及到人与人的同一性和差异性的问题。如果强制性地消除事实上的不平等,追求绝对的平等,必然会挫伤强者的积极性,客观上起了保护弱者的作用,结果必然导致社会缺乏生机和活力,导致社会发展的低速度;如果任由事实上的不平等发展,社会虽然更富有生机和活力,但是社会有两极分化所导致的矛盾和对立会日益深化,最终影响社会的稳定。(5分)从更深的角度来说,人与人之间的同一性和差异性同时都存在,为了强调人的同一性而消除差异性,或者突出差异性而忽视人的同一性,都是不可取的。而这正是社会公正面临两难情境的根本原因。因此,要在保证人之为人的同一性的前提下,重视人与人之间的差异性。表现在社会公正方面,也就是在保证所有社会成员的生存和发展的前提下,保证每一个成员都有条件发挥其潜力和才智,实现自己的人性。同时,对社会资源的分配做出适当调整,做到同一性与差异性有机结合。(5分)

计算题
阅读理解

Pigs are always considered dirty animals because they roll in mud.But in fact they prefer  being quite clean.They cover themselves with mud to help stay cool.During cooler weather,  they prefer to stay clean.So do elephants,who also cover themselves in dust or mud to keep cool. When they find a place with clean water they will take a bath,using their long noses to give  themselves—or each other—a nice shower

Some animals use dust to get clean.Chinchillas (南美洲栗鼠) have very fine fur. They don`t like to take water baths because water is not warm enough for them.So, instead, they roll  around in fine dust.The dust helps to keep their fur and skin dry.This protects them from disease

Usually, a small bird is a light meal for a crocodile.But when a crocodile wants its teeth  cleaned.it lies on the ground with its mouth open.The crocodile bird goes in and picks out any  parasites(寄生虫)between the crocodile`s teeth or under its tongue.The crocodile gets its mouth cleaned,and the crocodile bird gets dinner.

You wouldn`t think fish would need baths.But some undersea parasites live under the  fish`s skin.“Cleaner”fish,like the wrasse(隆头鱼),help take them away.The wrasse stands on its head and dances to signal a big fish that it is ready to go into the cleaning business.The big fish will stop moving and open its mouth wide so the wrasse can swim inside and pick out  parasites and bits of food.

小题1:The passage is mainly about how animals         .

A.stay clean

B.help each other

C.get their food

D.Take baths小题2:What can we learn from the first paragraph about pigs?

A.They can help each other take baths.

B.They are dirtier during cooler weather.

C.They prefer taking baths to rolling in mud.

D.They like to stay cool and clean.小题3:Chinchillas use dust to get clean for the following reasons EXCEPT that         .

A. dust can dry their fur and skin

B.They are not good at swimming

C.Water is too cold for them

D.Dust is good for their health小题4:From Paragraphs 3 and 4,we earl know that         .

A.some animals can get clean from others`help

B.Most animals are friendly to each other

C.small animals couldn`t get food from big ones

D.All of the animals prefer to stay clean小题5:We can infer from the last paragraph that the wrasse

A.is often eaten by other fish

B.1ikes under other fish`s skin

C.is a small kind of fish

D.1ikes taking baths