问题 问答题

根据你现有的知识和了解的情况,说明通货紧缩的一般原因;并分析我国从1997年连续3年物价持续下跌的原因。

答案

参考答案:

解析:通货紧缩是指商品和劳务的货币价格总水平持续明显下降的过程,其衡量指标有三个:消费价格指数、批发物价指数和GNP平减指数。下面从西方学者和我国学者对通货紧缩的成因分析分别进行阐述。 ①西方学者对通货紧缩的成因分析 弗里德曼和舒瓦茨认为,1920~1921年出现的严重通货紧缩完全是货币紧缩的结果。从 1919年4月到1920年6月间,纽约的联邦储备银行曾几次提高贴现率。1929~1933年大萧条期间,通货紧缩的出现也是同样的原因。 格林斯潘(1998)提出,导致通货紧缩另一个可能的原因是资产泡沫的破裂对经济产生的致命消极影响。20世纪30年代初的大萧条及产品价格的持续下跌,同1929年开始的资产价格下降密切相关。正是资产泡沫的破裂,摧毁了本已问题重重的金融中介。 伯纳克和詹姆斯(1991)、伯纳克(1995)的研究表明,在萧条期间维持金本位制在很大程度上导致了通货紧缩的加重。 克鲁格曼(1999)认为,当一个国家货币贬值,但又由于联系汇率制的约束而不能贬值时,通货紧缩就发生了。 迈耶(1999)认为,日益激烈的全球竞争和降低成本的科技创新是导致生产出现增长趋势、供给增加和物价下降的重要的结构性因素。同样,格林斯潘(1999)也指出,由技术推动导致的劳动生产率不断提高,尤其是信息技术的发展所引发的仍在进行的结构性变化,使价格的抑制过程在一定程度上得到自我加强,而近几年较低的通货膨胀也明显地改变了人们的心理预期。 ②我国学者对1997年以来中国通货紧缩现象成因的分析。 自1997年10月我国物价开始负增长以来,连续二十几个月出现了物价普遍下降的通货紧缩现象。中国学者对这一现象形成的原因分析如下: 第一,上轮经济“软着陆”的滞后效应,同时也是对前几年通货膨胀时期形成的不合理物价水平的自动调整。从时间上看,1997年10月开始的物价负增长,是1995年1月开始的物价指数增长率下降的自然延伸。 第二,经济运行的深层次原因。改革开放20多年来,中国经济在高速发展的同时,部门和地区间的重复建设及产业结构老化的问题也相应积累和沉淀,导致出现大多数商品供过于求的局面。相对于居民的购买欲望而言,目前中国的需求不足更多地表现为供需之间的结构性不对称。 第三,不能把目前中国的通货紧缩仅仅结为有效需求不足。造成中国通货紧缩的根本原因在于企业亏损,在于企业成本上升所造成的企业利润率和资金回报率的下降。 第四,20世纪90年代后期,中国加快了建立现代市场经济的步伐,在推进国有企业向现代企业制度转化的过程中,国家在个人住房分配制度、公费医疗制度、教育制度、养老和保险制度方面展开了较为深入的改革,而居民的收入并未与改革同步增长。由于未来不确定的支出大大增加和预期收益前景不佳,从而极大地限制了居民的消费支出。 第五,由于企业经济效益低下,三角债盛行而导致整个社会的信用基础脆弱,同时,由于各种主客观原因形成金融机构的大量不良资产,使金融机构信心不足,放贷的积极性下降,因此货币供应增幅也相应下降。 第六,随着现代市场经济框架基本建成,企业间的竞争日益激烈,企业之间于是实行价格战策略。同时,由于技术进步,致使劳动生产率提高,也使得这成产品成本相对下降,最终使这些产品价格获得下降的空间。 第七,农业持续丰收,农产品的市场价格远低于国家的收购保护价,使得占零售物价指数权重较大的食品类价格持续下降,进而带动物价总水平下降。 第八,受世界经济调整特别是亚洲金融危机的影响,国内生产的商品和服务的外部需求急剧下降;同时由于周边国家的货币贬值,使我国出口竞争面临的压力增大,这两个方面都意味着国内商品和劳务供应的增加,促使物价水平下降。 第九,由于进口快速增长,加之走私猖厥,使国际市场的商品价格下跌直接带动国内市场价格的下跌。

单项选择题

The simple act of surrendering a telephone number to a store clerk may seem innocuous—so much so that many consumers do it with no questions asked. Yet that one action can set in motion a cascade of silent events, as that data point is acquired, analyzed, categorized, stored and sold over and over again. Future attacks on your privacy may come from anywhere, from anyone with money to purchase that phone number you surrendered. If you doubt the multiplier effect, consider your e-mail inbox. If it’s loaded with spam, it’s undoubtedly because at some point in time you unknowingly surrendered your e-mail to the wrong Web site.

Do you think your telephone number or address are handled differently A cottage industry of small companies with names you’ve probably never heard of—like Acxiom or Merlin—buy and sell your personal information the way other commodities like corn or cattle futures are bartered. You may think your cell phone is unlisted, but if you’ve ever ordered a pizza, it might not be. Merlin is one of many commercial data brokers that advertises sale of unlisted phone numbers compiled from various sources—including pizza delivery companies. These unintended, unpredictable consequences that flow from simple actions make privacy issues difficult to grasp, and grapple with.

In a larger sense, privacy also is often cast as a tale of "Big Brother"—the government is watching you or a big corporation is watching you. But privacy issues don’t necessarily involve large faceless institutions: A spouse takes a casual glance at her husband’s Blackberry, a co-worker looks at e-mail over your shoulder or a friend glances at a cell phone text message from the next seat on the bus. While very little of this is news to anyone—people are now well aware there are video cameras and Internet cookies everywhere—there is abundant evidence that people live their lives ignorant of the monitoring, assuming a mythical level of privacy. People write e-mails and type instant messages they never expect anyone to see. Just ask Mark Foley or even Bill Gates, whose e-mails were a cornerstone of the Justice Department’s antitrust case against Microsoft.

And polls and studies have repeatedly shown that Americans are indifferent to privacy concerns. The general defense for such indifference is summed up a single phrase: "I have nothing to hide. " If you have nothing to hide, why shouldn’t the government be able to peek at your phone records, your wife see your e-mail or a company send you junk mail It’s a powerful argument, one that privacy advocates spend considerable time discussing and strategizing over.

It is hard to deny, however, that people behave different when they’re being watched. And it is also impossible to deny that Americans are now being watched more than at any time in history.

Companies like Acxiom or Merlin()

A. make a profit by acquiring and selling personal information

B. compile telephone directories for local business transaction

C. are law firms specializing in dealing with privacy issues

D. are agencies whose major mission is to protect privacy

单项选择题