问题 问答题

结合中外教育史,分析论述教育学萌芽阶段的主要特征及其历史价值。

答案

参考答案:教育学的历史发展是由社会发展和教育的实践所决定的。原始社会没有科学,也没有教育学。随着生产力的发展、文字的产生、知识的积累,到奴隶社会和封建社会才出现了教育学的萌芽。也就是说,在近代之前,人们对教育的认识活动主要停留在经验和习俗的水平,没有形成系统的理性认识,成为教育之“学”。因此,这一阶段的教育认识活动又称为“前教育学时期”。
这一时期所取得的教育认识成果主要体现在一些哲学家、思想家们的哲学或思想著作中。如《论语》一书,就汇集了我国古代伟大教育家孔子关于哲学、政治、伦理和教育方面的言论。古希腊哲学家柏拉图的教育思想,散记在他的哲学著作《理想国》一书中。
在人类历史上,最早出现专门论述教育问题的著作是我国的《学记》,对后代教育影响深远。另外,韩愈的《师说》、朱熹关于读书法的《语录》、颜元的《存学篇》等,对师生关系、如何读书与学习,都有精湛的、专门的论述。
西方最早的专门教育著作是古代罗马帝国教育家昆体良的《论演说家的培养》(《雄辩术原理》)。其后中世纪和文艺复兴时期许多思想家们在哲学、社会学论著中也有对教育的一些专门的论述。前教育学时期的所有教育方面的著作,多属论文的形式,思维与论述的方式大都采用一些机械类比、比喻、格言、寓言等方式,停留于经验的描述,缺乏科学的理论分析,没有形成完整的体系,也没有形成专门的教育学语言,因而只可以说是教育学的萌芽或雏形。
但是,不能因为这一时期是前教育学时期就忽视这一时期人类的教育认识,特别是那些伟大思想家们的教育认识的价值。恰恰相反,应该高度重视他们在这一时期所取得的思想成果以及所提出的许多深刻而精辟的观点。一方面是因为他们的教育思想指导了当时人们的教育活动,不深入地了解他们的教育思想,就不能深刻地理解那一时期的教育实践;另一方面是因为他们的教育思想中包含着大量科学的成分,对后来教育科学的形成和发展产生过并将继续产生深远的影响。

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Part 4


Questions 26-45


·Read the following passage and decide which answer bestfits each space.
·For questions 26-45, mark one letter A, B, C or D on the Answer Sheet.
The "standard of living" of any country means the (26) person’s share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore depends (27) and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this (28) is not money, for we do not live on money (29) on things that money can buy: "goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as (30) and "entertainment".
A country’s capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect (31) one another. Wealth depends (32) a great extent upon a country’s natural resources. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a (33) soil and a favorable climate; other regions (34) none of them.
Next to natural resources (35) the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well off as the USA in natural resources, but suffered for many years from (36) and external wars, and for this and other reasons was incapable (37) her resources. Sound and (38) political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country (39) well served by nature but less well ordered.
A country’s standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and (40) within its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. For example, Britain’s wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much (41) if she had to depend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would (42) be lacking. A country’s wealth is, therefore, much (43) by its manufacturing capacity, (44) that other countries can be found ready to (45) its manufactures.

A.impressed

B.effected

C.influenced

D.infected