问题 问答题

解释说明:为什么厂商利润极大化的条件MC=MR可以重新表达为MFC=MRP假如产品市场是完全竞争的,那么,利润极大化的条件MC=MR=P就可以表达为MFC= VMP,为什么

答案

参考答案:(1)从不同的角度出发,厂商利润极大化的条件既可以表述为MC=MR,也可以表述为MFC=MRP,这两者都可以保证厂商利润极大化目标的实现。我们知道,为了实现最大限度的利润,厂商对需要要素量、产出量做出某种抉择。如果厂商把产量作为选择变量,将总收益、总成本进而总利润视为产量的函数,那么实现最大利润的条件是,厂商把产出量调整到一定数量,使得这一产出量下的最后一个单位的产品所提供的总收益的增加量(边际收益MR)恰好等于增加这最后一个单位的产品引起总成本的增加量(边际收益MC),即使得这一产出量下的MC=MR。
如果厂商把投入的生产要素(如劳动)作为选择变量,将总收益、总成本进而总利润视为投入要素的函数,那么实现最大限度利润就可以表述为MFC=MRP,也就是厂商把雇佣的劳动投入量调整到一定数量,使得这一雇佣劳动总量下的最后一个单位劳动带来的总收益的增加量(边际收益产品MRP),恰好等于增加这最后一个单位劳动雇佣量引起的总成本的增加量(边际要素成本MFC)。理由是:假如MRP>MFC,这表示每增加一个单位的劳动投入带来的总收益的增加量超过雇佣这个劳动单位引起的总成本增加量,也就意味着继续增加劳动投入量,增加的每单位劳动投入量都可获得些许利润,从而增加劳动投入可使总利润有所增加;反之,假如MRP<MFC,这意味着最后增加雇佣的那个单位劳动反而造成损失,从而导致总利润较前减少。所以,如果厂商把投入要素如雇佣的劳动量作为选择变量,实现利润极大化的条件便是他雇佣的劳动量MRP=MFC。
(2)事实上,MC=MR和MRP=MFC这两个式子可以相互转换。由于MRP=MP·MR,因此,MRP/MP=MR,同样,MFC/MP=MC。这是因为,MFC表示多使用1单位要素所多支出的成本,MP表示多使用1单位要素所多生产的产量,因而MFC/MP就表示多生产1单位产品所多使用的成本,即MC,于是从MRP/MP=MFC/MP就得到MR=MC。
假如产品市场是完全竞争,那么利润极大化的条件MC=MR=P就可以表达为MFC= VMP,因为在完全竞争的产品市场上,P=MR。这样,表示增加单位要素投入带来的总收益的增加量的MRP(=MR×MPP)就可以表示为(等同于)VMP(=P×MP),相应地,利润极大化的条件就可以表达为MFC=VMP。

完形填空

On my way home I knocked into a stranger as he passed by."Oh. I'm terribly sorry," I said. That's all right. Please excuse me too; I wasn't even       you. I wish I didn't hurt you."

We were very      . We said good-bye and went on our way.

But at home we often        our loved ones in a different way.

Later that day, while I was cooking the evening meal, my daughter stood beside me very quietly.

When I turned, I nearly    her down. " Move out of the way." I shouted. She walked away, tears in her eyes.

While I lay awake in bed, I realized how       I'd spoken. So I decided to get up to say sorry to my daughter. On the way to her bedroom, to my surprise, I found some       by the door of the kitchen. At that time my tears began to fall. I quietly went and got down on my knees by her      She woke up and put her arms around my neck when I kissed her. Then I asked," Did you pick these flowers for me?"

She smiled," I found them out by the tree. I picked them      they're pretty like you. I knew you'd like them. I stood quietly in order to give you a surprise.'"'Oh dear, I'm really sorry for the way I acted today; I shouldn't have shouted at you."

“That's okay. Mom. I       you anyway."

I suddenly realized what a clever way it is to explain the word     like this: ( F) ather (A) nd ( M) other, ( I) ( L) ove ( Y) ou !

小题1:A. noticing        B. helping         C. calling

小题2:A. sad            B. angry              C. polite

小题3:A. Help           B. Treat              C. criticize

小题4:A. put            B. took            C. knocked

小题5:A. sadly          B. rudely          C. softly

小题6:A. books          B. clothes            C. flowers

小题7:A. bed            B. desk            C. chair

小题8:A. if         B. because         C. though

小题9:A. love           B. need               C. miss

小题10:A. father         B. mother          C. family

多项选择题