问题 问答题

论述杜威的主要教育思想。

答案

参考答案:(1)教育即“生活”、“生长”和“经验的改组、改造” 。教育能传递人类积累的经验,丰富人类经验的内容,增强经验指导生活和适应社会的能力,从而把社会生活维系起来和发展起来。广义地讲,个人在社会生活中与 人接触、相互影响、逐步扩大和改进经验,养成道德品质和习得知识技能,这就是教育。由于改造经验必须紧密地和生活结为一体,而且改造经验能够促使个人成 长,杜威便总结说“教育即生活”、“教育即生长”,“教育即为经验的改组、改造”。 (2)教育无目的论。杜威认为,在不民主、不平等的社会中,教育只是外力强加于受教育者的目的。在民主的社会中就不同了,应当奉行无目的论。在阶级斗争和无产阶级革命日益激化的年代,杜威很强调教育在改进社会方面的效用,杜威教育目的论的资产阶级性是显而易见的。 (3)“学校即社会”。杜威认为人们在社会中参加真实的生活,才是身心成长和改造经验的正当途径。 所以教师要把教授知识的课堂变成儿童活动的乐园,引导儿童积极自愿地投入活动,从活动中不知不觉地养成品德和获得知识,实现生活、生长和经验的改造。 (4)教学论。杜威以教育是生活、生长和经验的改造的理论为基础,对教材和教法等作出和传统观念不同的论述。 ①在教材的选择上,杜威建议“学校与科目的相互联系的真正中心,不是科学……而是儿童本身的社会活动”。具体地讲是学校安排种种作业,把基本的人类事物引进学校里来,作为学校的教材。 ②在教学方法上,杜威主张“从做中学”,他认为儿童不从活动而由听课和读书所获得的知识是虚渺的。 (5)道德教育论。杜威说:“道德是教育的最高和最终的目的。”“道德过程和教育过程是统一的。”在杜威看来,德育在教育中占有重要地位。杜威极力强调道 德才是推动社会前进的力量。在实施方面,杜威首先主张“在活动中培养儿童的道德品质”,其次是要求结合智育达到德育的目的。再次,他很注重教育方法的道德 教育作用。

填空题
阅读理解

C

If You Make a Mistake, Don’t Worry!

Yeah, you’ll want to forget about them, but mistakes can be useful. Making a mistake doesn’t mean it’s the end of the world. In real life you have to grow and mature, and with that comes some growing pains.

You know you should have studied hard but you went out with some friends instead. You know you should have put the money into the bank for a rainy day instead of spending it on all kinds of things you didn’t need.

It’s the growing pains called mistakes that most people make when they are growing up. Face them. You are going to make them. Learn from them. All of the people you wish to copy, such as all the experts in your business field, have made mistakes. They’ll continue to make mistakes for all their successes.

One of the major differences between people like them and the vast majority(大多数)of others is that they don’t let their mistakes stop them. Instead, they use their mistakes as learning tools.

At the very least, when you make a mistake, you’ll know what not to do. And you can help others by warning them of the mistakes you’ve made. Don’t let mistakes stop you from doing anything. Learn from them, don’t hide in a closet. Facing up to your mistakes now and later will mature.

What mistakes are you making right now? Take a look at anything you might be doing wrong. Take a step back and evaluate your situation, then fix whatever needs to be corrected. Then move forward.

Always remember your mistakes to remind yourself of what not to do for the future.

63. Why does the writer say mistakes can be useful?

A. Because you can get some growing pains.

B. Because experts also make mistakes.

C. Because you can mature by facing and learning from mistakes.

D. Because next time you know that money shouldn’t be wasted.

64. Which statement is true according to the writer?

A. Before you make any mistake, you had better lock the closet in your room.

B. Keep your mistakes in mind in order not to make the same mistakes again in the future.

C. Don’t go out with some of your friends any more.

D. Forget your mistakes and move forward.

65. When we make any mistake next time, we should do the followings except _       __.

A. Think about the reason why we make the mistake.

B. Try to correct the mistake.

C. Tell others not to make the same mistake as you do.

D. Be careful not to do anything.

66. From the text, we can infer that __     ___.

A. facing mistakes, some people lose heart  

B. mistakes can be useful

C. mistakes can be called growing pains      

D. Put away money when it is rainy