问题 问答题

阅读下列材料: 材料一:现代社会真正是一幅上下颠倒的世界图景……无能力的人管理着有能力的人,不道德的人负着教训有道德的公民的使命,最大的罪犯负着惩治小过失的使命。——圣西门《寓言》 材料二:当每一成员加入法朗吉时,对他所贡献的实有全部土地、机器、材料、家具和陈设,进行估价……管理委员会发给每个成员以股票或股息票,其价值等于该成员所贡献的东西。 当这个世界大大小小的人物充满相互的仇恨的时候,任何自由都只是新的纷争的源泉。引起他们的相互间真诚倾心和相互关心的唯一手段就是在生产中把他们联合起来协作。 ——傅立叶《关于普遍统一的理论》 材料三:大城市所造成的祸害将消灭,同时新公社将集中大城的一切优点而没有大城市所造成的任何害处;公社的每一社员,享受由广阔的土地取得的好处,将比现在个人主义社会制度下最富的地主所享受的好处大得多。 ——欧文《新道德世界书》 材料四:本来意义上的社会主义的和 * * 主义的体系,如圣西门、傅立叶、欧文等人的体系,是在无产阶级同资产阶级之间的斗争尚未发展的最初时期出现的……诚然,他们也意识到他们在这些计划中主要是拥护工人阶级这一受苦最深的阶级的利益。在他们的心目中,无产阶级只是作为这个受苦最深的阶级才存在的……他们要改善社会一切成员的生活,甚至连那些处境极优的成员也包括在内。因此,他们总是不加区别地向整个社会呼吁,甚至主要是向统治阶级呼吁。根据他们的意见,人们只要理解他们的体系,就会承认这种体系是建设最美好社会的最优良的计划。因此,他们拒绝一切政治行动,特别是拒绝一切革命行动,他们想用和平手段达到自己的目的,并且企图通过一些细小的、当然不会成功的试验,用实例的力量来为新的社会福音开拓道路。——马克思、恩格斯《 * * 党宣言》 材料五:我们的天命是向前行进,因为每一个社会时期都应当向前、向更高一级时期推进;大自然的意愿就在于从野蛮趋向文明制度,并且是逐步地达到文明,使文明制度趋向保障制度,又使保障制度趋向简单协作制度等等时期。阶段的情况也恰如时期一样,应当使第一阶段趋向第二阶段,第二向第三,第三到第四,最后阶段趋向过渡阶段,就这样一直顺着下去。如果某个社会在一个时期或一个阶段中停滞得太久,腐臭就会像在死水中那样,在这个社会中产生。 ——傅立叶《新的工业世界和社会事业》 请回答: (1)材料一、二和三反映了空想社会主义者的什么思想 (2)在材料四中马克思和恩格斯是如何评价空想社会主义的 (3)材料五又反映了傅立叶的什么思想

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解析:材料一、二、三反映了19世纪上半叶空想社会主义者的思想,主要有以下几点:第一,抨击资本主义社会,如圣西门所说,现代的社会是一个上下颠倒的世界图景。无能力的人管理着有能力的人,不道德的人负着教训有道德的公民的使命,最大的罪犯负着惩治小过失的使命。第二,主张成立新公社,建立理想社会,在这样的社会里。没有伤害,财产共有。正如欧文所说,在这个社会里,大城市所造成的祸害将消灭,同时新公社将集中大城的一切优点而没有大城市所造成的任何害处;公社的每一社员,享受由广、阔的土地取得的好处,将比现在个人主义社会制度下最富的地主所享受的好处大得多。第三,建立新社会的途径是通过人股的方式建立协作组织,解决社会成员间的争端。为此,傅立叶和欧文都进行了试验,傅立叶成立了法朗吉,欧文建立了 * * 主义新村——“新和谐”。 (2)材料四反映了马克思和恩格斯对空想社会主义的看法。其是分析了空想社会主义产生的时代背景、存在的优点和缺陷。首先,空想社会主义产生在无产阶级与资产阶级斗争初期,因此,难能可贵,同时存在不少缺陷。其次,空想社会主义者认识到资本主义社会的弊病,同时认识到无产阶级是受苦最深的阶级,表示极大的同情,但没有认识到无产阶级的革命性。再次,主张对社会进行改造,但是拒绝运用革命的方法,只想采用和平的手段,如一些细小的试验,这是不会成功的,这表现了资产阶级本身的局限性。 (3)材料五反映了傅立叶的社会进化论观点,他认为历史是不断进步的,后一社会时期的发展程度高于前一社会时期。他将社会发展时期分为野蛮、文明、保障和简单协作四个时期。并且他认为如果一个社会时期停留时间太长就会变得腐臭,就应当被新的社会时期所代替。

阅读理解

William Henry Bragg was born at Westward,Cumberland,on July 2,1862.He was educated at Market Harboroagh Grammar School and afterwards at King William’s College,Isle of Man.Elected as a minor scholar of Trinity College,Cambridge,in 1881,he studied mathematics under the well­known teacher,Dr E.J.Routh.He studied physics in the Cavendish Laboratory during a part of 1885,and at the end of that year he was elected to the Professorship of Mathematics and Physics in the University of Adelaide,South Australia.

His research interests dealt with a great many fields and he was skilled at picking up a subject,almost casually,making an important contribution,and then dropping it again.However,the work of Bragg and his son Lawrence in 1913~1914 founded a new branch of science of the greatest importance and significance,the analysis of the crystal structure by means of X­rays.It is true that the use of X­rays as an instrument for the systematic revelation of the way in which crystals are built was entirely due to the Braggs.This was recognized by the award of the Nobel Prize jointly to father and son in 1915.

He was an honorary Doctor of some sixteen universities,and a member of the leading foreign societies.Many other medals and awards were bestowed upon him among which may be mentioned the Rumford Medal in 1916 and the Copley Medal (its premier award) in 1930.

He was the author of many books,including Studies in Radioactivity,X­Rays and Crystal Structure,The World of Sound,Concerning the Nature of Things,Old Trades and New Knowledge,An Introduction to Crystal Analysis,and The Universe of Light.His favorite hobby was golf.After a life of astonishing productiveness,Sir William Bragg died on March 10,1942.

小题1:William Henry Bragg was awarded the Nobel Prize because________.

A.he succeeded in using X­rays to find out the crystal structure

B.he was the first to use X­rays to help to do his experiment

C.he determined to learn everything well and then gave them up

D.he was successful in his research work with the help of his son小题2:According to this passage,William Henry Bragg was interested in all the subjects EXCEPT________.

A.mathematics

B.physics

C.medicine

D.sports小题3:Which one of the following is TRUE according to this passage?

A.Bragg became a professor in the University of Adelaide in 1885.

B.Bragg won the Rumford Medal and the Copley Medal in the same year.

C.Bragg gained great achievements in many fields,including society.

D.Bragg and Lawrence wrote the book X­Rays and Crystal Structure.小题4:Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

A.William Henry Bragg’s Productive Life

B.William Henry Bragg:A Famous Author

C.Bragg and His Son—Two Great Scientists

D.X­rays and the Crystal Structure

单项选择题