问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成1 ~4 题。

尚志斋说

[元]虞集

          亦尝观射乎?正鹄者,射者之所志也。于是良尔弓,直尔气,蓄尔力,正尔身,守尔法,而临之。挽必圆,视必审,发必决,求中乎正鹄而已矣。正鹄之不立,则无专一之趣乡,则虽有善器、强力,茫茫然将安所施哉?况乎弛焉以嬉,嫚焉以发,初无定的,亦不期于必中者,其君子绝之,不与为偶,以其无志也。善为学者,苟知此说,其亦可以少警矣乎!

         夫学者之欲至于圣贤,犹射者之求中夫正鹄也。不以圣贤为准的而学者,是不立正鹄而射者也。志无定向,则泛滥茫洋,无所底止,其不为妄人者几希!此立志之最先者也。

         既有定向,则求所以至之之道焉,尤非有志者不能也。是故从师取友,读书穷理,皆求至之事也。于是平居无事之时,此志未尝慢也;应事接物之际,此志未尝乱也;安逸顺适,志不为丧;患难忧戚,志不为慑;必求达吾之欲至而后已。此立志始终不可渝者也。

        是故志苟立矣,虽至于圣人可也。昔人有言日:“有志者,事竞成。”又日:“用志不分,乃凝于神。”此之谓也。志苟不立,虽细微之事,犹无可成之理,况为学之大乎!昔者夫子以生知天纵之资,其始学也,犹必日志,况吾党小子之至愚极困者乎?其不可不以尚志为至要至急也,审矣。

        今大司寇之上士浚仪黄君之善教子也,和而有制,严而不离。尝遣济也受业于予,济也请题其斋居以自励,因为书“尚志”二字以赠之。他日暂还其乡,又来求说,援笔书所欲言,不觉其烦也。济也,尚思立志乎哉。

        (选自《古文鉴赏辞典》)

        [注] ①正鹄,靶心。鹄,读g ǔ。

1.下列句子中,加粗词的解释不正确的一项是( )

A.亦观射乎     尝:曾经

B.有志者,事成     竟:终究、到底

C.因为书“志”二字以赠之   尚:崇尚、重视

D.其君子绝之,不与为     偶:配偶、伴侣

2.下列各组选项中都能体现“尚志”的一组是(     )

①则虽有善器、强力,茫茫然将安所施哉

②其君子绝之,不与为偶,以其无志也

③有志者,事竟成

④用志不分,乃凝于神

⑤济也请题其斋居以自励

⑥志苟不立,虽细微之事,犹无可成之理

A.①③⑤

B.②③⑤

C.③④⑤

D.②④⑥

3.下列对文章内容的分析、理解和概括,错误的一项是(     )

A.作者认为学习必须要有坚定的志向,否则,就像学射箭没有“正鹄”一样,“虽有善器、强力”也不会取得高深的成就。

B.在作者看来,学习的人想要成为圣贤,就好像射箭者想要射中箭心。不以圣贤作为目标而学习的人,就是不确立靶心来射箭的人。

C.文章强调了志向的重要,因为一个人如果没有志向,那么即使做再简单的事情,他也是难以成功的。

D.本文通篇运用举例论证和对比论证两种论证方法,阐述了做学问立志的重要性和必要性。

4.把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。

(1)志无定向,则泛滥茫洋,无所底止,其不为妄人者几希!

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(2) 昔者夫子以生知天纵之资,其始学也,犹必曰志,况吾党小子之至愚极困者乎?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

答案

1.D

2.C

3.D

4.(1)志向如果失去明确的方向,就会泛滥盲目,没有标准,想要不成为妄人,大概很少见吧。

(2)以前孔夫子具有天生智慧的资质,开始学习时,还一定要谈到志向,何况我们这样的极蠢极笨的后辈小人呢?(意对即可)

阅读理解

阅读理解

     The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can exceed the joy of

discovering for yourself something that is important to you!  It may be an idea or a bit of information

you come across accidentally or a sudden understanding, fitting together pieces of information or

working through a problem. Such personal encounters are the "payoff" in education. A teacher may

direct you to learning and even encourage you in it-but no teacher can make the  excitement or the joy

happen. That's up to you.

     A research paper, assigned in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor,

leads you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a process where the joy of

discovery and learning can come to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active and

individual process, and an ideal learning process. It provides a structure within which you can make

exciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, which are basic to education. The research paper also

gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests

and abilities and to show others what you can do. Writing a research paper is more than a classroom

exercise. It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing, which forms the basis of

many skills applicable to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in the fullest sense, a discovery,

an education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a useful and a thoroughly satisfying

experience!

     To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than ever

produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently is

threatening. But there is no need to approach paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view

the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within

reach if you use the help this passage can give you.

1. According to the writer, personal discoveries in study ________.

A. will give one encouragement and direction

B. are helpful in finding the right information

C. are the most valuable part of one's personal education

D. will help one to successfully complete school assignments

2. It can be inferred from the passage that writing a research paper gives one chances ________.

A. to fully develop one's personal abilities

B. to practice the skills learnt in the classroom

C. to prove that one is a productive writer

D. to show how well one can accomplish school assignments

3. From the context, the underlined word "encounters"(Para. 1) most probably means "________".

A. interests  

B. experiences

C. entertainments  

D. abilities

4. The writer thinks ________.

A. one should explore new areas in research

B. one should trust one's knowledge and skills when doing research

C. one should use one's ability to meet course requirements

D. one should consider research paper writing a pleasure, not a burden

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