问题 问答题

阅读材料并结合背景知识回答问题:
材料
伏查泰西各国,明于制器尚象之理而得其用,所凭藉以横行海外者,尤以轮船与火器为最。火器之得力者,尤以炸炮为最。鸿章自抵沪以来,购买外洋各种军火,尽心研究,略知端倪。又雇募精巧匠人,留心仿制,近来稍有把握……鸿章窃以为天下事穷则变,变则通。中土士大夫沉浸于章句小楷之积习,武夫悍卒,又多粗蠢而不加细心,以致所用非所学,所学非所用。无事则嗤外国之利器为奇技淫巧,以为不必学;有事则惊外国之利器为变怪神奇,以为不能学。不知洋人视火器为身心性命之学者,已数百年,一旦豁然贯通,参阴阳而配造化,实有指挥如意,从心所欲之快。其演习之弁兵,使由而不使知。其创制之员匠,则举国尊崇之,而不以曲艺相待。
中国文物制度,事事远出西人之上,独火器万不能及,其故何由盖中国之制器也,儒者明其理,匠人习其事,造诣两不相谋,故功效不能相并,艺之精者,充其量不过匠目而止。洋人则不然,能造一器为国家利用者,以为显官,世食其业,世袭其职。故有祖父习是器而不能通,子孙尚世习之,必求其通而后止。
——《李鸿章致 * * 衙门书》
请分析洋务运动失败的原因。

答案

参考答案:中国传统的封建顽固势力仍非常强大,他们本身是反对社会改革的,所以洋务运动从开始的那一刻起,就被限定在很小的范围内进行,只能创办一些军用或者民用的企业,即便是这样,也受到了种种的限制,所以洋务运动对整个封建制度的基础并没有触动,更不可能为中国资本主义的发展提供出路。
(2)兴办洋务的多是晚清时期崛起的地方汉族地主阶层,他们在地方兴办洋务,创立军工企业,势必受到清政府的制约,以免其势力过度膨胀,形成对中央的威胁,朝廷的大臣不断地对洋务官员进行弹劾和指责,皇帝频繁地下诏对洋务进行干涉,所以政府的专权也是制约洋务运动深入进行的障碍。
(3)中国脆弱的封建自然经济基础,加上自鸦片战争以来不断地被列强要求割地赔款,使得经济基础进一步受到摧残,根本无力承担发展军工的费用,即便有一些先进技术的进口,也是权宜之计,无法长期支撑局面。
(4)西方列强的目的是榨取中国的利益,争夺对中国的控制权,所以不会轻易地帮助洋务派实现他们的愿望。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     From Monday until Friday most people are busy working or studying, but in the evenings and on weekends

they are free to relax and enjoy themselves. Some watch TV or go to the movies; others take part in sports. It

depends on individual interests. There are many different ways to spend our spare time.

     Almost everyone has some kinds of hobbies. It may be anything from collecting stamps to making model

airplanes. Some hobbies are very expensive, but others don't cost anything at all. Some collections are worth a

lot of money; others are valuable only to their owners.

     I know a man who has a coin collection worth several thousand dollars. A short time ago he bought a rare

fifty-cent piece worth $250! He was very happy about his buying and thought the price was reasonable. On

the other hand, my youngest brother collects matchboxes. He has almost 600 of them but I doubt if they are

worth any money. However, to my brother they are very valuable. Nothing makes him happier than to find a

new matchbox for his collection. That's what a hobby means, I guess. It is something we like to do in our

spare time simply for the fun of it. The value in dollars is not important, but the pleasure it gives us is.

1. The underlined word "individual" in the first paragraph most probably means______.

A. attractive

B. strange

C. secret

D. one's own

2. In the writer's opinion, ______.

A. all hobbies are very expensive

B. some hobbies don't cost anything

C. hobbies are worthless

D. hobbies are valuable to everybody 

3. Something that one enjoys doing in one's spare time is a ______.

A. job

B. pleasure

C. hobby

D. habit

4. Which of the following statements (陈述) is NOT true?

A. The writer's brother has a large collection of matchboxes, which makes him very happy.

B. We collect a subject in our spare time simply for the fun of it.

C. The pleasure that a hobby can give is important.

D. To have a hobby means to spend a lot of money.

单项选择题