问题 阅读理解

The mobile phone has been a part of our lives since the 1980s. It enables us to stay in contact with our family and friends at all times and in most areas. However, because of the quick acceptance and extensive usage of mobiles in our lives, we have missed out on an important step, namely, the appropriate (恰当的)use.

Driving a car  

Do not use your phone while you are driving ! You could concentrate on your conversation and forget to look where you are going, or you could take your eyes off the road to look at the phone’s display or to press in a number. Either way, you could cause a terrible accident.

In a restaurant

There is probably nothing more annoying than a diner receiving or making a call near you when you are in a restaurant. The icy glares you receive should be warning enough that it is not appreciated. Turn you phone off and enough that it is not appreciated. Turn you phone off and use your message service to return calls after you leave.

At the cinema

Do not give way to the desire to call a friend if the film is boring, or if you want to find out what happens. You could become the target of all the angry cinema customers.

At the theatre

There is no more icy glare than that of a theatre goer who has paid a lot of money to see a show and hears your phone playing a tone. It goes without saying that you will be seen as a socially unacceptable person in this situation.

In hospitals

This is probably the most important place to make sure your phone is switched off. Your phone can disturb life-saving electronic equipment in hospitals, so it is necessary that your phone is switched off before you enter.

On planes

Your phone might disturb navigational equipment and cause a horrible accident so you should switch it off before boarding a plane.

小题1:According to the passage, the most annoying thing in a restaurant is that __________.

A.you receive icy glares

B.a nearby diner is answering a phone call

C.you have to use the message service

D.you can not return calls until after you leave小题2:Which of the following statements is NOT true ?

A.Theatre goers will not give you icy glares when they hear your phone.

B.When switched on in hospitals, mobile phones could endanger patients’ lives.

C.Passengers should switch off the phones before getting on a plane.

D.Pressing in phone numbers when driving could lead to traffic accidents.小题3:The passage mainly describes __________.

A.different functions of mobile phones

B.the overuse of mobile phones on some occasions

C.some areas where message service is forbidden

D.the proper use of mobile phones in some public places小题4:What does the underlined word “concentrate on” mean in the article? It means ______.

A.make something stronger

B.carry on

C.pay particular attention

D.think something clearly

答案

小题1:B

小题2:A

小题3:D

小题4:C

小题1:本题考查理解文章细节的能力。从In a restaurant 中的“There is probably nothing more annoying than a diner receiving or making a call near you when you are in a restaurant.”可知最佳答案为B项。

小题2:本题考查根据文章相关信息进行正误判断的能力。从At the theatre中的“There is no more icy glare than that of a theatre goer who has paid a lot of money to see a show and hears your phone playing a tone.”可知A项表述与此不相符, 故A项符合题干要求。从In hospitals 中的“Your phone can disturb life-saving electronic equipment in hospitals, so it is necessary that your phone is switched off before you enter. ”可知B项表述正确;从 On planes 中的“…so you should switch it off before boarding a plane. ”可知C项表述正确;从 Driving a car 中的“…or you could take your eyes off the road to look at the phone’s display or to press in a number. Either way, you could cause a terrible accident. ”可知C项表述正确;

小题3:本题考查归纳主旨大意的能力。第一段中的句子“However, because of the quick acceptance and extensive usage of mobiles in our lives, we have missed out on an important step, namely, the appropriate (恰当的)use.” 指出本文的主旨,然后再分别介绍在不同场合使用手机的礼仪。其他选项都是文章的细节而不是主题。

小题4:本题考查根据文中细节猜测短语含义的能力。根据“concentrate on” 后面句子的意思:忘记看看你正往何处去,或者您可能把目光移开看手机或按键盘,由此可以推测的意思为“集中精力于;专心于”。故C项为最佳答案。

阅读理解与欣赏

刚性美与柔性美

朱光潜

①自然界有两种美:老鹰古松是一种,娇莺嫩柳又是一种。倘若你细心体会,凡是配用“美”字形容的事物,不属于老鹰古松的一类,就属于娇莺嫩柳的一类,否则就是两类的混和。有两句诗说:“骏马秋风冀北,杏花春雨江南。”这两句诗每句都只提起三个状貌。然而可以象征一切美。你遇到任何美的事物,都可以拿它们做标准来分类。比如说峻崖,悬瀑,狂风,暴雨,沉寂的夜或是无垠的沙漠,垓下哀歌的项羽或是床头捉刀的曹操,你可以说这是“骏马秋风冀北”的美;比如说清风,皓月,暗香,疏影,青螺似的山光,媚眼似的湖水。葬花的林黛玉,你可以说这是“杏花春雨江南”的美。

②我说“骏马秋风冀北”时,你会想到“雄浑”“劲健”,我说“杏花春雨江南”时,你会想到“秀丽”“纤浓”;前者是“气概”,后者是“神韵”;前者是刚性美;后者是柔性美。在同一种艺术之中也有刚柔之别。如音乐,贝多芬的第三合奏曲和《热情曲》固然像狂风暴雨,极沉雄悲壮之致,而《月光曲》和第六合奏曲则温柔委婉,如悲如诉。

③艺术是自然和人生的返照,创作家往往因性格的偏向,而作品也因而刚或柔。米开朗琪罗在性格上和艺术上都是刚性美的极端的代表。你看他的《摩西》!火焰有比他的目光更烈的么?钢铁有比他的须髯更硬的么?你看他的《大卫》!他那副脑里怕藏着比亚力山大的更惊心动魄的雄图吧?他那只庞大的右臂迟一会儿怕要拔起喜马拉雅山去撞碎哪一个星球吧?亚当是上帝首创的人,可是要结识世界第一个理想的伟男子,你须得到罗马西斯丁教寺的顶壁上去物色,这一幅大气磅礴的创世纪记,没有一个面孔不露着超人的意志,没有一条筋肉不鼓出海格立斯的气力。

④达芬奇恰好替米开朗琪罗做一个反衬。《蒙娜·丽莎》那庄重中寓着妩媚的眼,那轻盈而神秘的笑,那丰润而灵活的手,艺术家们已摸索了不知几许年代,到达·芬奇才算寻出,这是多么大的一个成功!米开朗琪罗画“夏娃”和“圣母”,像他画“亚当”一样,都是用池雕“大卫”和“摩西”的那一副手腕,始终脱不去那种峥嵘巍峨的气象。达·芬奇的天才是比较的多方面的,他的世界中固然也有些魁梧奇伟的男子,可是他的特长确为佩特所说的,全在“能勾魂”。《圣约翰授洗者》活像女子化身固不用说,《酒神》也只是一位带醉的《蒙娜·丽莎》。再看《最后的晚餐》中的耶稣!他披着发,低着眉,在慈祥的面孔中现出悲哀和恻隐。

⑤历来艺术家对于刚柔两种美分得很严。在诗方面有李、杜与王、韦之别,在词方面有苏、辛与温、李之别,在画方面有石涛、八大与六如、十洲之别,在书法方面有颜、柳与褚、赵之别。这种分别常与地域有关系,大约北人偏刚,南人偏柔,所以艺术上的南北派已成为柔性派与刚性派的别名。清朝阳湖派和桐城派对于文章的争执也就在对于刚柔的嗜好不同。

⑥统观全局,中国的艺术是偏于柔性美的。中国诗人的理想境界大半是清风皓月疏林幽谷之类,环境越静越好,生活也越闲越好。他们很少肯跳出那“方宅十余亩,草屋八九间”的宇宙,而凭视八荒,遥听诸星奏乐者。他们以“乐天安命”为极大智慧,因此,他们的诗也大半是微风般的荡漾,轻燕般的呢喃。过激烈的颜色,过激烈的声音,和过激烈的情感都是使它们畏避的。他们描写月的时候百倍于描写日。《二十四诗品》中只有“雄浑”“劲健”“豪放”“悲慨”四品算是刚性美,其余二十品都偏于阴柔。我读《旧约·约伯记》,莎土比亚的《哈雷姆特》,弥尔顿的《失乐园》诸作,才懂得西方批评学者所谓“宇宙的情感”。回头在中国文学中寻实例,除着《逍遥游》《齐物论》《论语·子在川上》章,陈子昂《幽州台怀古》,李白《日出东方隈》诸作以外,简直想不出其他具有“宇宙的情感”的文字。“雄浑”“劲健”,“庄严”诸词都只能得其片面的意义。中国艺术缺乏刚性美在音乐方面尤易见出,比如弹七弦琴,尽管你意在高山,意在流水,它都是一样单调。

⑦刚柔虽是两种相反的羡,有时也可以混合调和,在实际上,老鹰有栖柳枝的时候,娇莺有栖古松的时候,也犹如男子中之有杨六郎,女子中之有麦克白夫人,西子湖滨之有两高峰,西伯利亚荒原之有明媚的贝加尔。说李太白专以雄奇擅长么?他的《闺怨》《长相思》,《清平调》诸作之艳丽微婉,亦何减于《金鉴》《浣花》?说陶渊明专从朴茂清幽入胜么?“纵浪大化中,不喜亦不惧”,又是何等气概?

(选自《朱光潜谈美》,有删节)

小题1:根据文意,以下说法正确的两项是(  )(  )(5分)

A.第①段中的“不属于老鹰古松的一类,就属于娇莺嫩柳的一类,否则就是两类的混和。”一句对全文起引领作用。

B.“骏马秋风冀北,杏花春雨江南”,每句诗都提起三个状貌,一切美都可以按照这六种标准来分类。

C.第④段“达·芬奇恰好替米开朗琪罗做一个反衬”,句中“反衬”的意思是指达·芬奇在相反方面衬托出与米开朗琪罗在性格和艺术上的截然不同。

D.达·芬奇在艺术上的特长全在“能勾魂”,比如《蒙娜·丽莎》那庄重中寓着妩媚的眼,那轻盈而神秘的笑,那丰润而灵活的手透露出的一种柔性美。E.“纵浪大化中,不喜亦不惧”具有西方批判学者所谓的“宇宙的情感”。

小题2:下列各项中不能作为论据证明“中国的艺术是偏于柔性美的”的是(  ) (3分)

A.中国诗人多倾向于描写“清风皓月疏林幽谷”之类。

B.中国诗人“描写月的时候百倍于描写日”。

C.《二十四诗品》中只有“雄浑”“劲健”“豪放”“悲慨”四品算是刚性美,其余二十品都偏于阴柔。

D.李白专以雄奇擅长,也有《闺怨》《长相思》《清平调》刚柔两种美混合调和的诗歌。小题3:结合文意,概述刚柔两种美的具体特点,并指出这两种美形成的因素有哪些?(4分)

小题4:除上文例子外,请举出一个能表现文学或其他艺术中刚性美(或柔性美)的例子,并作简要分析。(4分)

单项选择题