问题 单项选择题

美国时代生活公司1990年出版的《人类文明史图鉴》一书显示,史学家不可能只是超然物外的旁观者.就拿鸦片战争来说,作者谈到英国东印度公司对华贸易难以展开时写道:"在马戛尔尼大使扩大英国与中国贸易行动失败的情况下,该公司只好自己想办法来维持贸易平衡.但东印度公司能用什么商品来打开中国市场呢答案就是鸦片.”看来其中的因果关系是很明显的:因为英方一系列要求(增加通商口岸、减低税率、设立租界等)未获应允,东印度公司才不得己求助于鸦片.其实,即使清政府当初一切照英方的安排行事,不法鸦片贸易仍无法避免.第一次鸦片战争后,英方的要求悉数满足,鸦片交易还是不能禁绝,这是最能说明问题的例证.而且《人类文明史图鉴》一书并不讳言:清朝政府早在1729年就颁布了禁烟诏令,嘉庆皇帝一即位(1796年)就下令再次禁烟,但在18世纪末,每年仍有大约1200箱的鸦片运销中国,其中大部分来自孟加拉,东印度公司垄断了那里的鸦片生产. “18世纪末”这一表述方式比较模糊.实际上,在马戛尔尼出使中国(1793年)之前,鸦片走私已很猖獗.18世纪70年代初,东印度公司因经营不善而岌岌可危.黑斯廷斯1774年担任英属印度总督之后就采取了以邻为壑的政策:如果听任印度农民吸食当地盘产的鸦片,财政上当然不无小补,但东印度公司的利益最终将受到损害,即失去健壮的劳动力;在他的坚持下,东印度公司垄断的鸦片销往中国,于是偷运“福寿膏"逐渐成为英属印度的支柱产业.尽管这位黑斯廷斯在1785年遭受弹劾,但他的鸦片走私政策却留给东印度公司滚滚不断的财源,直到20世纪仍有英国史学家对黑斯廷斯当年的“远见”大加赞赏.可以毫不夸张地说,到了19世纪初,英国在印度的统治是靠中国的银两来维持的.伯克在弹劾黑斯廷斯时称东印度公司是“有史以来最堕落的公共机构”,其成员系“人类的垃圾、渣滓”.当时鸦片问题尚未浮现在公众的视野之内,伯克即使有所听闻大概也不会就此问罪.至于马戛尔尼,使华前曾任东印度公司的要职,他不知道清廷明令禁止的鸦片贸易一直在进行吗

下面不属于《人类文明史图鉴》一书观点的一项是 _________.

A.清朝政府禁烟的诏令并没有收到实际效果

B.历史学家不可能只是历史的旁观者

C.鸦片贸易应该由清朝政府负主要责任

D.东印度公司向中国偷运鸦片是不得已的选择

答案

参考答案:B

解析:历史学家与史学家是两个不同的概念.

阅读理解

根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

English, you are so popular

English is the world language, the language of international communication in many areas of life; trade, air and sea transport, tourism and sport. New ideas in science, technology and medicine happen so quickly that it is impossible and very expensive to translate everything into different languages. 小题1:   If you want to study some subject, you need to know professional words and phrases.

English is used as a first language in countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the USA and many of the countries in the Caribbean. 小题2:  It is a way in which people who have different languages communicate with each other. This is especially true in many parts of Africa and India.

  小题3:  Australian, American or Irish English has another pronunciation or stresses, so sometimes you cannot understand, although you can speak English. The USA has no official national language. English is used like a natural language by all Americans, because it is very simple. The American variety is popular between no-native speakers, too.

English is far more worldwide in its distribution(分布) than all other spoken languages. 25% to 33% of the people in the world understand and speak English to some degree. And most of them can use English freely. 小题4: 

In 2001, the 189 member countries in the United Nations were asked what language they wished to use for communication with other countries. More than120 chose English, 40 selected French, and 20 wanted to use Spanish. 小题5:  However, the percentage of Internet users who are not native English speakers is increasing rapidly, especially in Asia.

A.It has become the most useful language.

B.Therefore, most things are published in English.

C.In other countries it is used as a second language.

D.However, English in all these countries is not the same.E.English is also the language particularly on the Internet.

F.There are at least 165 languages spoken in the United States.

G.Therefore, it is not surprising that all languages change through time.

填空题