问题 问答题

化学-选修物质结构与性质:

已知A、B、C、D、E、F都是周期表中前四周期的元素,它们的核电荷数A<B<C<D<E<F.其中A原子核外有三个未成对电子;化合物B2E的晶体为离子晶体,E原子核外的M层中只有两对成对电子;C元素是地壳中含量最高的金属元素;D单质的晶体类型在同周期的单质中没有相同的;F原子核外最外层电子数与B相同,其余各层电子均充满.请根据以上信息,回答下列问题:(答题时,A、B、C、D、E、F用所对应的元素符号表示)

(1)A的简单氢化物分子中其中心原子采取______杂化,E的最高价氧化物分子的空间构型是______.

(2)B的氯化物的熔点比D的氯化物的熔点______(填高或低),理由是______.

(3)A、B、C、D的第一电离能由小到大的顺序为______.(用元素符号表示)

(4)A、F形成某种化合物的晶胞结构如右图所示(其中A显-3价),则其化学式为______;(每个球均表示1个原子)

(5)F的核外电子排布式是______,A、C形成的化合物具有高沸点和高硬度,是一种新型无机非金属材料,则其化学式为______.

答案

A、B、C、D、E、F都是周期表中前四周期的元素,它们的核电荷数A<B<C<D<E<F,A原子核外有三个未成对电子,则电子排布式为1s22s22p3,即A为N元素;C元素是地壳中含量最高的金属元素,则C为Al元素;E原子核外的M层中只有两对成对电子,电子排布式为1s22s22p63s23p4,则E为S元素;化合物B2E的晶体为离子晶体,则B为第三周期第ⅠA族元素,即B为Na元素;D单质的晶体类型在同周期的单质中没有相同的,Si的晶体类型为原子晶体,与其它不同,则D为Si元素;F原子核外最外层电子数与B相同,其余各层电子均充满,其电子排布式为1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1,则F为K元素,

(1)氨气中N原子上有1对孤对电子,σ键数为3,则N原子采取sp3杂化,SO3中S原子采取sp2杂化,则空间构型为平面三角型,故答案为:sp3;平面三角型;

(2)B的氯化物为NaCl,为离子晶体,而D的氯化物为SiCl4,为分子晶体,离子晶体的熔点高于分子晶体的熔点,故答案为:高;NaCl为离子晶体而SiCl4为分子晶体;

(3)非金属性越强,第一电离能越大,金属性越强,第一电离能越小,则A、B、C、D的第一电离能由小到大的顺序为Na<Al<Si<N,故答案为:Na<Al<Si<N;

(4)F为Cu,A为N,且N为-3价,由晶胞结构图可知,N原子在顶点,则N原子数为8×

1
8
=1,Cu原子在棱心,则Cu原子数为12×
1
4
=3,所以化学式为Cu3N,故答案为:Cu3N;

(5)Cu的电子排布式为1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1(或[Ar]3d104s1),A、C形成的化合物AlN,具有高沸点和高硬度,为原子晶体,

故答案为:1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1(或[Ar]3d104s1);AlN.

选择题
阅读理解

In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in the tropical(热带的)Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Of these, only about half a dozen becomes the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that are called hurricanes, and several usually make their way to the coast. There they cause millions of dollars of damage, and bring death to large numbers of people.

The great storms that hit the coast start as soft circling wind hundreds — even thousands — of miles out to sea. As they travel aimlessly over water warmed by the summer sun, they are carried westward by the southeast winds. When conditions are just right, warm, moist(潮湿) air flows in at the bottom of such a wind, moves upward through it and comes out at the top. In the process(过程), the moisture in this warm air produces rain, and with it the heat is changed to energy in the form of strong winds. As the heat increases, the young hurricane begins to move in a counter-clockwise motion(逆时针运动).

The life of a hurricane is only about nine days, but it contains almost more power than we can imagine. The energy in the heat released(释放) by a hurricane’s rainfall in a single day would satisfy the entire electrical needs of the United States for more than six months. Water, not wind, is the main source of death and destruction(毁灭) in a hurricane. A typical hurricane brings 6 to 12 inch downpours, causing sudden floods. Worst of all is the powerful movement of the sea — the mountains of water moving toward the hurricane center. The water level rises as much as 15 feet above normal as it moves toward shore.

小题1:When is an ordinary tropical storm called a hurricane?

A.When it begins in the Atlantic and Caribbean seas.

B.When it hits the coastline.

C.When it is more than 75 miles wide.

D.When its winds reach 75 miles per hour.小题2:What is the worst thing about hurricanes?

A.The terrible effects of water.

B.The heat they give off.

C.That they last about nine days.

D.Their strong winds.小题3:Here the word “downpour” means ______.

A.heavy rainfall

B.dangerous waves

C.the progress of water to the hurricane center

D.the increasing heat小题4:Which statement about a hurricane is wrong?

A.It travels more than 75 miles per hour.

B.It usually stays about 9 days.

C.It usually causes 6 to 12 inch downpours.

D.It sometimes brings the sea water level to the height of 15 feet.