问题 阅读理解

George Washington Carver showed that plant life was more than just food for animals and humans. Carver’s first step was to analyze plant parts to find out what they were made of. He then combined these simpler isolated substances with other substances to create new products.

The branch of chemistry that studies and finds ways to use raw materials from farm products to make industrial products is called chemurgy. Carver was one of the first and greatest chemurgists of all time. Today the science of chemurgy is better known as the science of synthetics(合成纤维织物). Each day people depend on and use synthetics made from raw materials. All his life Carver battled against the disposal of waste materials, and warned of the growing need to develop substitutes(代用品) for the natural substances being used up by humans.

Carver never cared about getting credit for the new products he created. He never tried to patent(申请专利) his discoveries or get wealthy from them. He turned down many offers to leave Tuskegee Institute to become a scientist in private industry. Thomas Edison, inventor of the electric light, offered him a laboratory in Detroit to carry out food research. When the United States government made him a collaborator in the Mycology and Plant Disease Survey of the Department of Agriculture, he accepted the position with the understanding that he wouldn’t leave Tuskegee. An authority on plant disease—especially of the fungus(真菌) variety—Carver sent hundreds of specimens(标本) to the United States Department of Agriculture. At the peak of his career, Carver’s fame and influence were known on every continent.

小题1:What does the passage mainly tell us?

A.It mainly tells us about Gorge Washington Carver, a great chemurgist.

B.It mainly tells us about chemurgy.

C.It mainly tells us about the research made in Tuskegee.

D.It mainly tells us about the development of making synthetics.小题2:The underlined word “disposal” in the second paragraph mean “________”.

A.control

B.throwing away

C.management

D.keeping小题3:Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A.Make a study of plant parts.

B.Make new products out of farm products.

C.Carver helped the United States Department of Agriculture.

D.Make a study on animal disease.小题4:Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A.Carver never patented what he discovered.

B.Carver refused many offers to work in private companies.

C.Carver made little money out of his discoveries.

D.Carver helped Edison invent electric light.

答案

小题1:A

小题2:B

小题3:D

小题4:D

小题1:A 主旨大意题。从文章的第 1 句 George Washington Carver showed that plant life was more than just food for animals and humans 和文章的最后一句 At the peak of his career, Carver’s fame and influence were known on every continent 以及全文的内容可看出,全文是在介绍 Carver 在植物方面的研究对世界所产生的影响。故答案选 A。

小题2:B 词义猜测题。根据上文的 battled against 以及下文的 of waste materials, and warned of the growing need to develop substitutes for the natural substances being used up by humans 可推知答案为 B,意思是“对废物不恰当的处置”。

小题3:D 事实细节题。根据文章第 1 段的第 2 句排除选项 A;根据文章第 2 段的第 1 句排除选项 B;根据文章最后一段的倒数第 2 句排除选项 C;从而得出答案为 D。

小题4:D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的第 2 句排除选项 A;根据文章最后一段的第 3 句排除选项 B;根据文章最后一段的第 2 句排除选项C;从而得出答案为 D。

阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下文,完成问题。

越来越酸的海洋

  ①在4月22日第43个世界地球日到来前,《科学》发表的一篇文章,把人们关注气候变化与二氧化碳排放的视角从大气带到了海洋。这篇文章宣称,由来自不同大学的21位研究人员组成的科研小组,经过检测和评估地质记录后,得出结论:目前的海洋酸化速度是3亿年来的最高值。

  ②海洋酸化是指由于吸收大气中过量的二氧化碳,导致海水逐渐变酸的过程。人类活动向大气释放的二氧化碳,以每小时100万吨以上的速率被海洋吸收,在吸收过程中,二氧化碳与水反应释放出氢离子,使得海水的pH值下降。海水应为弱碱性,海洋表层水的pH值约为8.2。但到2012年,海水表层pH值降低了0.1。海水酸性的增加,会改变海水的种种化学平衡,使多种海洋生物乃至生态系统面临巨大威胁。因此,除了全球变暖,海洋酸化被称为与二氧化碳排放相关的另一重大环境问题。

  ③一份来自夏威夷附近海域20年的数据显示,工业革命以来,海水表层pH值从1960年的8.15下降到8.05,这表示,海水中氢离子浓度增加了30%。

  ④不仅如此,海洋酸化的速度也越来越快。最近一项研究表明,海表吸收二氧化碳的速率及其所导致的海洋酸化速率比两万年前的末次冰期快了近100倍,而末次冰期被认为是最近一次的二氧化碳急剧上升期。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的预测,如按照目前二氧化碳排放量的水平进行,本世纪末,海水pH值将下降至7.8左右。

  ⑤研究表明,在二氧化碳浓度加倍以后,大多数钙化生物的钙化速率均大幅下降。钙化速率的下降,不仅影响到了浮游性钙化生物,如颗石藻等向底层海洋的碳输送,还会影响到钙化动物的生长和发育。同时,珊瑚藻以及造礁珊瑚种类在加倍的二氧化碳条件下,其钙化速率平均下降30%。

  ⑥多项研究表明,海洋酸化还可能通过食物链,造成原本不同种间的配子受精成功并形成杂交种,造成种质混乱,影响物种间的相互作用及生态系统的稳定性。例如,某些浮游动物在喂食酸化海水中生长的浮游植物后,繁殖率显著下降。

  ⑦有研究者在模拟实验中发现,严重酸化的海水中,小丑鱼幼鱼将失去听力、视力、嗅觉,无法发现敌害,也丧失了相应的逃逸和生存能力。对甲壳类、贝类、鱼类及棘皮动物等海水养殖生物的研究表明,海洋酸化会显著地影响到幼体发育,降低成体的钙化率和呼吸活动,改变机体能量代谢方式,干扰感知和运动行为,抑制免疫防御系统的活性,引起生物体代谢异常、生长缓慢甚至死亡。已经有研究表明,海洋酸化是一种生理胁迫,会使得藤壶的成活率显著下降,二氧化碳浓度升高同样会导致海胆的尺寸和重量均明显变小。

  ⑧由于人类从未经历过这种变化,并且不同种类的海洋生物对酸化引起的海水化学变化敏感性不同,以至于无法确定海洋酸化的生物学效应,也就无法预测未来可能发生的变化。 1.什么事海洋酸?

答:_____________________________________________________ 

2.海洋酸化对海洋生物乃至生态系统造成的巨大威胁体现在哪些方面。请阅读全文简要回答。

答:_____________________________________________________

3.简第段主要运用了何种说明方法,有什么作用?请结合文意简要说明。

答:_____________________________________________________

4.以下分析或推断符合文意的一项是( )

A.浮游动物在喂食酸化海水中生长的浮游植物后,繁殖率在短时期内会显著下降。

B.珊瑚藻以及造成礁珊瑚在加倍的二氧化碳条件下,其钙化速率将会平均下降30%。

C.即使大幅度减少二氧化碳排放量,到本世纪末,海水pH值将下降至7.8左右。

D.虽然人类从未经历过海洋急剧酸化的过程,但仍能够预测未来可能发生的变化。

多项选择题