问题 多项选择题 案例分析题

患者,女,58岁,2年前开始无明显诱因出现间断腹痛,疼痛部位不固定,无放射痛,与进食、排便无明显关系,无恶心、呕吐,无腹胀、腹泻,无黄疸及发热,1年来腹痛加重,呈持续性,常于夜间痛醒,喜屈曲位。伴有食欲减退,体重下降15kg。1年以来多次在外院就诊,行胃镜、结肠镜、全消化道造影、腹部MRI等检查,未见明显异常。2009-12-10、2010-2-23、2010-8-25多次腹部超声示有少量腹水,液深1~2cm。曾因胆囊结石行胆囊切除术,因“子宫肌瘤”行子宫附件全切术。母亲患“妇科肿瘤,去世。查体:体型消瘦,营养欠佳。腹部略凹陷,腹壁揉面感,全腹压痛,无反跳痛,肝、脾肋下未触及,Murphy征(-),未触及包块,移动性浊音(-),肝、肾区叩击痛(-)。肠鸣音4次/分,未闻及气过水声,未闻及腹部血管杂音。院外多次查CEA、AFP、CA125、CA19-9等肿瘤标志物(-)。

提示:腹腔镜检查,见下图。提示腹腔内广泛明显粘连,腹壁、肠壁及网膜表面可见广泛弥漫灰白色结节,肠壁充血、色红,肠管间有粘连。结合已有证据,考虑可能诊断为()。

A.结核性腹膜炎

B.腹膜转移癌

C.腹膜间皮瘤

D.腹部手术后腹腔粘连

E.自发性腹膜炎

F.卵巢肿瘤

G.慢性盆腔炎

答案

参考答案:A, C

解析:

1.患者慢性全腹痛,无消化道出血或梗阻的临床表现,外院多次查CEA、AFP、CA125、CA19-9等肿瘤标志物(-),胃镜、结肠镜、全消化道造影、腹部MRI等检查均未发现腹腔脏器的原发病;腹部查体揉面感、弥漫性压痛均提示倾向为腹膜病变,故首选腹部增强CT、腹部超声检查,最能反映腹膜病变,同时也可了解腹水的情况。

3.腹膜恶性间皮瘤临床可表现为腹痛、腹胀、腹水及腹部包块,与结核性腹膜炎及腹膜腔恶性肿瘤转移有相似表现,需行鉴别诊断;应检查PPD试验,检测血FD,血清或腹水ADA,CEA,T-spot.TB;腹水病理(细胞学)检查有助于诊断,如仍难以确诊应行腹腔镜检查,镜下可见腹膜及大网膜增厚,弥漫粟粒样结节,从腹腔镜下所见表现并不能与结核性腹膜炎作很好的鉴别,确诊需病理组织学或细胞学检查。

4.腹膜间皮瘤最后确诊需依赖病理诊断和免疫组化结果,上皮性标志物细胞角蛋白CK和间叶性标志物波形蛋白(Vim)同时阳性对诊断有帮助,而间皮细胞特异性标志物钙结合蛋白CR、HMBE和血栓调节蛋白阳性对确诊最有意义。免疫组化结果不确切时,电镜检查有助于诊断,腹水中透明质酸增高有助于诊断。

5.对于少数局限型腹膜恶性间皮瘤,主张尽可能彻底切除;多数恶性间皮瘤者为弥漫性病变,应尽量切除主要病灶,使肿瘤细胞减少,再联合全身或腹腔化疗。既往全身化疗方案,无论单药或是联合化疗有效率低,腹腔内用药效果略好。培美曲塞能抑制DNA合成的三种关键酶:胸苷酸合成酶、二氢叶酸还原酶和环氧丙酰胺核糖核苷酸甲基转移酶(GARFT),被称为“多靶点抗叶酸药物”。美国FDA于2004年批准培美曲塞(pemetrexed)用于治疗胸膜恶性间皮瘤,2006年又批准其与顺铂联用治疗胸膜恶性间皮瘤,目前成为一线方案。

阅读理解

When you look up into the sky at night, have you ever felt that your eyes are playing tricks on (捉弄) you? It seems that the stars are moving all the time.

Actually, there is nothing wrong with your eyes. This twinkling effect is called scintillation (交光). Scintillation happens because of air movements in the earth’s atmosphere (大气). Light is “bent (弯曲的)” when it travels through different parts of the earth’s atmosphere. As the air in the earth’s atmosphere is moving all the time, the light from the stars looks as if it is moving too.

The same thing also happens to things on the ground. On a very hot and shiny day, if you look at the road, the image in the distance is not clear and things move slightly. You can also see the same effect if you drop a rock into water. The rock appears a little unclear under the moving water.

This twinkling effect causes a lot of problems for astronomers (天文学家) since they cannot observe the stars clearly. A telescope (望远镜) was sent into space so that the air movements in the atmosphere could be avoided (避免). It took a long time to build the space telescope but finally in 1990, a huge space telescope called the Hubble Space Telescope was successfully sent into space. Since then, astronomers have many important observations that have helped people understand space better.

根据短文内容,选择最佳选项。 (10分)

小题1:What happens to the light from the stars we see when the air in the earth’s atmosphere is moving?

A.It looks even brighter.

B.It looks as if it is bent.

C.It looks as if it is moving.

D.It looks like drops of rain.小题2:Scintillation also happens on      according to the passage.

A.rainy days

B.shiny days

C.cloudy days

D.windy days小题3:What can you see when you drop a rock into the water?

A.The rock gets broken.

B.The rock becomes unclear.

C.The water becomes much polluted.

D.The water does not move anymore.小题4:The underlined word “observe” means “    ”.

A.watch

B.listen

C.draw

D.explain小题5:Why is scintillation a problem for astronomers?

A.The stars never stay still.

B.It makes the stars too dark to see.

C.It makes astronomers feel too hot to work.

D.Astronomers cannot observe the stars clearly.

选择题