问题 问答题 简答题

孔德对社会历史规律和历史研究的理论和方法的论述。

答案

参考答案:

孔德(1798—1857)法国哲学家,社会学家,实证主义创始人。认为实证哲学的首要特征在于,它认为一切现象都服从于恒定不变的自然规律„„我们任务就是致力于精确地发现这些规律„„

他倡导的实证哲学所要探求的“自然规律”就是把观察到的现象“按相继和相似的自然关系”加以联系,从而归纳出来的共同“恒定趋势”。孔德的实证哲学除了有一套方法论外,也包含着一种本体论和认识论,就是认为我们所观察到得现象本身并不存在因果必然性的规律,因而人们也根本不能去认识那种规律,只能凭观察结果去归纳出现象之间的“相继和相似的自然关系”的“恒定趋势”。这种本体论和认识论进一步推演,就会导致唯心论。他认为,把实证主义方法运用于社会历史现象的研究,主要包括观察、实验和比较三种方法。

他把人类进化的历史主要归结为心智进步的历史,提出“三阶段”的进化规律:第一阶段为神学阶段,第二阶段为形而上学阶段,第三阶段为实证阶段。

主要著作有《实证哲学教程》、《实证政治体系》、《实证逻辑体系》等。

单项选择题
阅读理解

You’ve just come home, after living abroad for a few years. Since you’ve been away, has this country changed for the better—or for the worse?

If you’ve just arrived back in the UK after a fortnight’s holiday, small changes have probably surprised you—anything from a local greengrocer suddenly being replaced by a mobile-phone shop to someone in your street moving house.

So how have things changed to people coming back to Britain after seven, ten or even 15 years living abroad? What changes in society can they see that the rest of us have hardly noticed—or now take for granted? To find out, we asked some people who recently returned.

Debi: When we left, Cheltenham, my home town, was a town of white, middle-class families—all very conservative (保守的). The town is now home to many eastern Europeans and lots of Australians, who come here mainly to work in hotels and tourism. There are even several shops only for foreigners.

Having been an immigrant (移民) myself, I admire people who go overseas to find a job. Maybe if I lived in an inner city where unemployment was high, I’d think differently, but I believe foreign settlers have improved this country because they’re more open-minded and often work harder than the natives.

Christine: As we flew home over Britain, both of us remarked how green everything looked. But the differences between the place we’d left behind and the one we returned to were brought sharply into focus as soon as we landed.

To see policemen with guns in the airport for the first time was frightening—in Cyprus, they’re very relaxed—and I got pulled over by customs officers just for taking a woolen sweater with some metal-made buttons out of my case in the arrivals hall. Everyone seemed to be on guard. Even the airport car-hire firm wanted a credit card rather than cash because they said their vehicles had been used by bank robbers.

But anyway, this is still a green, beautiful country. I just wish more people would appreciate what they’ve got. 

小题1:After a short overseas holiday, people tend to _______.

A.notice small changes

B.expect small changes

C.welcome small changes

D.exaggerate small changes小题2: How does Debi look at the foreign settlers?

A.Cautiously.

B.Positively.

C.Sceptically.

D.Critically.小题3:When arriving at the airport in Britain, Christine was shocked by _______.

A.the relaxed policemen

B.the messy arrivals hall

C.the tight security

D.the bank robbers小题4:Which might be the best title for the passage?

A.Life in Britain.

B.Back in Britain.

C.Britain in Future.

D.Britain in Memory.