问题 问答题

阅读下列与平均利润率相关的一组材料:材料1

假定某国有且只有三个生产部门,2004年各部门平均的资本构成、剩余价值生产和盈利状况见下表:

材料2

该国甲部门中M企业的资本构成状况为7c+2V,利润率为50%;而同一部门中的N企业,资本构成状况为7c+4v,利润率仅为30%。

请回答:

(1)计算该国全社会的平均利润率、每一部门榨取的剩余价值和最终获取利润的差额。

(2)如何解释各部门之间剩余价值和利润之间的差别。

(3)如何解释甲部门中M、N两个企业的利润率与平均利润率的差别。

(4)联系价值规律的作用说明平均利润率理论对发展社会主义市场经济的启示。

答案

参考答案:

[答案要点]

(1)依据题意:

平均利润率=全社会剩余价值总额/全社会预付资本总额=120/300=40%

甲、乙、丙三部门最终获取利润:

甲部门利润=甲部门预付资本总额X平均利润率=100X40%=40

乙部门利润=乙部门预付资本总额X平均利润率=100X40%=40

丙部门利润=丙部门预付资本总额X平均利润率=100X40%=40

甲部门最终所获利润与剩余价值的差额:40—90=一50

乙部门最终所获利润与剩余价值的差额:40—20=20

丙部门最终所获利润与剩余价值的差额:40—10=30

(2)第一,利润率平均化是市场经济条件下的客观趋势,是剩余价值规律和竞争规律作用的必然结果,体现着不同部门的资本家集团按照等量资本获取等量利润的原则来瓜分剩余价值的关系。具体来说,就是这样一个过程:出于对高额剩余价值和利润的追求,资本总会朝那些利润率较高的部门转移,这一部门聚集的资本越多,生产能力越强,产量越大,从而影响供求关系并导致该部门生产的产品价格下降,此时这一部门利润就会下降。下降到一定程度后,这厂部门的利润水平低于其他部门,这时这一部门的资本又会主动迁出,寻求利润率水平较高的其他部门。如此循环,不断反复,最终必然导致全社会各部门的利润呈现平均化的趋势。

第二,平均利润形成后,商品在市场上按照生产价格出售。生产价格等于成本价格加上平均利润,资本家只能依据等量资本获取等量利润的要求获得平均利润。

第三,资本有机构成比较高的部门,攫取的剩余价值相对较少,产品的生产价格大于价值,从而利润大于其自身所攫取的剩余价值;资本有机构成比较低的部门,攫取的剩余价值率相对较多,产品的生产价格小于价值,利润小于其自身所攫取的剩余价值。

(3)平均利润的形成并不否认超额利润的存在。在同一部门内,那些技术水平、工艺水平和装备水平较高,工人劳动更为熟练,对工人剥削程度较高的企业,仍然可以获取超额利润。而那些工艺和技术水平较低、装备落后,劳动生产率水平低的企业,则连平均利润也很难获取,有的甚至还会亏损。

(4)平均利润率的形成过程,同时就是部门竞争和资本在不同部门之间转移的过程,也是社会资源实现合理配置的过程。在市场经济条件下,这一过程是在价值规律指引下自发完成的,这对我们发展和完善社会主义市场经济体制具有重大指导意义:首先,必须坚持市场对价格的决定作用,使商品价格变化不但反映价值变化,而且反映供求关系的影响,这是价值规律发挥作用的核心所在;其次,必须使企业成为自主经营、自负盈亏的市场主体,提高其适应价格变化、市场竞争的能力,这是价格规律发挥作用的基础;最后,必须营造合理的市场环境,健全企业进入退出机制,这是价值规律发挥作用的重要前提。

单项选择题

Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. (1) , the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English. The others (2) to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, (3) the case may be; they are often slightly annoyed (4) being classified as "English".

Even in England there are many (5) in regional character and speech. The chief (6) is between southern England and northern England. South of a (7) going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, (8) there are local variations.

Further north regional speech is usually " (9) " than that of southern Britain. Northerners are (10) to claim that they work harder than Southerners, and are more (11) They are open-hearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them (12) Northerners generally have hearty (13) : the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous (14) at meal times.

In accent and character the people of the Midlands (15) a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.

In Scotland the sound (16) by the letter "R" is generally a p sound, and "R" is often pronounced in words in which it would be (17) in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people, (18) inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently (19) as being more "fiery" than the English. They are (20) a race that is quite distinct from the English. (289 words)

Notes: fiery 暴躁的,易怒的。

(15)()

A.designate

B.demonstrate

C.represent

D.reckon

名词解释