阅读下面的文章，完成问题。

　　创作应当首先听命于谁?是应首先听命于领导，还是听命于读者和自己的心灵?

　　原中国文联 * * 曹禺先生曾有过深深的失落。他在后半生本应写出超越原有水平的作品，登上新的高峰，然而竟没有。平心而论，当时领导曹禺先生的领导，是真诚地叫他写好的。比如写《王昭君》，领导确是叫他写好这位民族团结的伟大女性的。这个要求一点不错。曹禺先生也真诚地接受并玩命地付诸实践。但这两种真诚结的果子却有些苦涩：在《王昭君》民族团结的伟大形象中，少了点具体的人生悲剧，一般扭曲了个别，就很难像《雷雨》《日出》那样让人们感动。作为领导，不论他懂不懂创作规律，大概都会这样要求的，这其实是社会层面的现实意识。而如何去创作，就是作家自己的事了。

　　对作家来说，有两条道：一条是真诚地把领导的要求往形象上贴，往形象里塞，下劲地充当工具；一条是只管真实地表达个别形象，只去追求审美的自由。前者冷落了审美，越真诚越糟糕；后者是在审美中张扬，越真诚越出色。到头来，领导那个意图却会从审美形象中自然而然地显示出来。审美规律有这个能耐。白了说，叫歪打正着，无心插柳柳成荫；文了说，叫不用之用。有一些作家坏就坏在太听话了，或者叫不会用作家听话的法子，心甘情愿去委屈创作的审美规律。

　　我以为，领导要大度一点，我领导我该领导的，你尽管写你的；作家也明智一点，你尽管领导你的，我写我该写的。两者在这样的层面上契合，审美规律就能给领导和作家在作品客观的社会性上找到一个结合点。在规律面前，创作其实是作家们自己的事。楚顷襄王没领导屈原怎样写，《离骚》不是写出来了吗?曹雪芹的《红楼梦》也不是乾隆领导出来的。如果沙皇把托尔斯泰领导一下，硬要他去谴责“不道德”的安娜·卡列尼娜……那世界文学史上该少了多少光彩?古今中外，其实没有任何一部伟大的艺术作品单单是“领导”出来的，是太听话听出来的。

　　就作家角度言，要改掉太听话的毛病，不是说说就能奏效的。这只能随着物质、精神、利益的羁绊一天天松脱才能慢慢有起色。领导身上的某些体制特色的消褪也不是一天两天的事，谁也性急不得。有了这点悟性，违心的惧怕和幼稚的真诚就会少一点，对审美的干扰就会少一点，作家们也不至于成熟在过了季节的年岁。（选自《读书》1995年第3期，有改动）

1．请简要概述本文的论述思路。

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2．指出文章第二段运用了哪些论证方法，并简析其作用。

_____________________________________________________。

3．细读全文，说说“在规律面前，创作其实是作家们自己的事”中的“事”包含哪些内容。

_____________________________________________________。

阅读理解。

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

     In America, seldom do you go anywhere without hearing a principle called WIN-WIN． 1

However, as time goes by, I have gradually comprehended the meaning of WIN-WIN principle- it is

the attitude of seeking mutual benefit．

     When I was little, I used to play Chinese checkers（跳棋）which include two basic tactics（战术）

: 2 The other is to block the passages of your rival. Players may apply these two totally different

approaches in the game, but the key for the player to win is to continuously create paths for him even

if his opponent may take advantage of it. 3 Meanwhile, some player may take another approach to

prevent his opponent from moving forward at all costs. By this he may get a short-term benefit, but

couldn’t fix attention on the final goal, thus he would never truly develop further．

     4 Its core is to achieve your objective while giving other people some benefits, so there is no real

loser. One example of applying the WIN-WIN principle is the voluntary system in the US. 5

    It is quite usual that some people are too selfish and never take other people’s interests into

consideration, while someone who really has courage to do something for the public is often called

"foolish" or "stupid". Actually helping other people can be of great delight to the helper, for he can also

learn something crucial for his life such as sympathy, care, devotion, etc. So only if you take other

people’s interests into earnest consideration can you assure your own gain．

A. Playing Chinese checkers really needs skill.

B. In the 1990s, a strategy called WIN-WIN became widespread in the western world.

C. It was important for me after I knew its meaning.

D. One is to create paths for yourself.

E. Most Americans advocate the spirit of social service and voluntary contribution.

F. It sounded strange to me at first.

G. Finally he can always reach the destination a few steps ahead of the other player.