问题 问答题 论述题

司马迁写作《史记》的目的,按照他自己的说法,是要“究天人之际,通古今之变,成一家之言”,如何理解这句话的意思?

答案

参考答案:

所谓“究天人之际”,就是要探究天道与人事之间的关系。在这个问题上,司马迁继承了先秦以来所谓“天人相分”的唯物主义传统,他反对天道可以干预人事,认为社会现象是由人的活动构成的,天是天,人是人,天是属于自然现象,与人事没有什么必然的联系。司马迁所持的这种观点是与当时汉武帝所提倡的被视为儒学正宗的所谓“阴阳五行”、“天人感应”学说相对立。在当时的思想界,董仲舒讲“公羊”学,他把本来是讲自然现象的阴阳五行学说,附会到社会人事方面来,制造出一套专用天象来占卜吉凶的迷信思想。他一方面说一切人事都是由天有目的有意识地做出安排的;另一方面又说天对人世间的活动也会做出反应,如果有谁违背了天道,不顺从天意行事,那么天就要降灾“谴告”,加以惩罚。这就是董仲舒所主张的“天人感应”说。董仲舒的这种神学思想,受到汉武帝的大力支持,成为风靡一时的统治思想。而司马迁的观点却相反,他把对于自然现象的研究和阴阳五行的迷信说法加以区别。在《太史公自序》中,他全文引用了他父亲司马谈的《论六家要旨》,认为那种把“阴阳四时”加以神秘化,说什么“顺之者昌,逆之者不死则亡”的观点其实是“未必然”的。认为人要研究阴阳五行,重视阴阳五行,目的和意义只在于能按照春夏秋冬运行和自然规律从事生产活动,这显然正是对当时假借“阴阳五行”来宣扬迷信思想的批判。正是由于司马迁有这种“天人相分”的朴素唯物主义思想,因此他在写历史的时候,总是对人事、人谋作仔细的观察和记载,并从历史人物的客观活动中,分析其成败得失的原因,总结出有益的历史教训。这也正是《史记》一书比较能够保证历史科学性的一个原因。

在“通古今之变”方面,司马迁的《史记》也表现出许多的观点和卓越的见解。所谓“通古今之变”,就是要说明历史的发展演变,寻找出历代王朝兴衰成败之理。司马迁在《史记》中所表现出来的历史观,与董仲舒的所谓“天不变,道亦不变”的形而上学的唯心史观是不同的,他认为历史是通过各种变革向前演进的。因此,他对历史上出现的政治改革,总是采取称赞的态度。比如说战国时期,吴起在楚国实行革新,他的变法就是要“明法审令,捐不急之官,废公族疏远者,以抚养战斗之士”,也就是说,要实行一系列的社会改革,打击了旧贵族的势力,实现了富国兵强。司马迁就称赞吴起的政绩说:“诸侯患楚之彊”。司马迁写《史记》还给自己提出了一个具体任务,就是“原始察终,见盛观衰”。意思是说,要透过一些历史现象,来观察一个时代或一项具体制度由盛而衰之理,也就是说,历史的盛衰都不是偶然的,无缘无故的,都是有迹可寻的;而且往往是在“盛”中已包含了“衰”的因素。

司马迁正是在他不同于时人的对“天人之际”、“古今之变”的独特理解上,成就了自己的“一有之言”――《史记》。

阅读理解

When you are reading something in English, you may often meet with a new word. What’s the best way to know it?

You may look it up in the English-Chinese dictionary. It will tell you a lot about the word: the pronunciation, the Chinese meaning and how to use the word. But how can you know where the word is thousands of English words? How to find it in the dictionary both quickly and correctly?

First, all the English words are arranged(安排) in the letter order. In the dictionary you can first see the words beginning with letter A, then B, C, D…. That means, if there are two words “desert” and “pull”, “desert” will be certainly before “pull”. Then if there are two words both beginning with the same letter, you may look at the second letter. Then the third, the fourth… For example, “pardon” is before “plough”, “judge” before “just”, etc.

Do you understand how to look up in the dictionary?

The dictionary will be your good friend. I hope you’ll use it as often as possible in your English study.

小题1:This passage is about______.

A.new words in writing

B.different dictionaries

C.the best way of reading

D.using an English-Chinese dictionary小题2:In the dictionary you may not find_______.

A.how to pronounce the word

B.the spelling of the word

C.who used the word first

D.how to use the word小题3:In an English-Chinese dictionary, the last word______.

A.begins with Z

B.begins with A

C.is a short one

D.is not often used小题4:Which group of words is in the right order in an English-Chinese dictionary?

A.perhaps, produce, plenty

B.straight, subject, surprise

C.century, center, business

D.foreign, entrance, headache小题5:In the passage the writer tries to tell us that_______.

A.we have to use a dictionary when we read something in English

B.an English-Chinese dictionary can tell us everything about a word

C.an English-Chinese dictionary can help us a lot in our English study

D.all English-Chinese dictionary are the same

单项选择题