问题 问答题

简述剩余价值转化为利润及剩余价值和利润的关系。

答案

参考答案:

解析:剩余价值转化为利润,是指在资本主义经济中剩余价值的现象形态表现为利润,这是由本质到现象的“转化”。 (1)由剩余价值向利润的转化可以划分为两个层次。首先,剩余价值表现为所耗费资本的增加额商品的价值本来是由c+ν+m三部分构成,m是由ν产生的。但是,当c和ν合在一起独立化为生产成本后,m就表现为商品价值中在生产成本以外的一个增加额。即剩余价值成了资本家所耗费资小的产物。其次,剩余价值还进一步表现为全部预付资本的增加额。因为,资本家投入的资本虽然不是全部进入生产成本,但是,它们作为物质要素全部参加了剩余价值的生产过程,这样,剩余价值也就表现为全部预付资本产物。当剩余价值被看做全部预付资本的产物时,剩余价值就取得了利润的形态。 (2)剩余价值和利润的关系。两者具有一致性,就其实体和数量而言,两者是同一个东西。但是它们也有区别。剩余价值是对可变资本而言的,利润是对全部预付资本而言的。剩余价值是本质,利润是剩余价值的转化形式,或现象形态。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     It was the summer of 1965. Deluca, then 17, visited Peter Buck, a family friend. Buck asked Deluca

about his plan for the future. "I'm going to college, but I need a way to pay for it," Deluca recalls saying.

"Buck said, 'you should open a sandwich shop.'"

      That afternoon, they agreed to be partners. And they set a goal: to open 32 stores in ten years. After

doing some research, Buck wrote a check for $1,000. Deluca rented a storefront (店面) in Connecticut,

and when they couldn't cover their startup costs, Buck kicked in another $1,000.

     But business didn't go smoothly as they expected. Deluca says, "After six months, we were doing

poorly, but we didn't know how badly, because we didn't have any financial controls." All he and Buck

knew was that their sales were lower than their costs.

      Deluca was managing the store and to the University of Bridgeport at the same time. Buck was

working at his day job as a nuclear physicist in New York. They'd meet Monday evenings and brainstorm

ideas for keeping the business running. "We convinced ourselves to open a second store. We figured we

could tell the public, 'We are so successful; we are opening a second store.'" And they did-in the spring

of 1966. Still, it was a lot of learning by trial and error.

      But the partners' learnasyougo approach turned out to be their greatest strength. Every Friday, Deluca would drive around and handdeliver the checks to pay their supplies. "It probably took me two and a half hours and it wasn't necessary but as a result, the suppliers got to know me very well, and the personal

relationships established really helped out," Deluca says.

      And having a goal was also important. "There are so many problems that can get you down. You just

have to keep working toward your goal," Deluca adds.

     Deluca ended up founding Subways Sandwich, the multimilliondollar restaurant chain.

1.Deluca opened the first sandwich shop in order to ________.

A.support his family

B.pay for his college education

C.help his partner expand business

D.do some research

2.Which of the following is true of Buck?

A.He put money into the sandwich business.

B.He was a professor of business administration.

C.He was studying at the University of Bridgeport.

D.He rented a storefront for Deluca.

3.What can we learn about their first shop?

A.It stood at an unfavorable place.

B.It lowered the prices to poor management.

C.It made no profits due to poor management.

D.It lacked control over the quality of sandwich.

4.They decided to open a second store because they ________.

A.had enough money to do it

B.had succeeded in their business

C.wished to meet the increasing demand of customers

D.wanted to make believe(假装)that they were successful

5.What contributes most to their success according to the author?

A.Learning by trial and error.

B.Making friends with supplies.

C.Finding a good partner.

D.Opening chain stores.

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