问题 单项选择题

The city water pipes in Rome were usually of baked clay or lead; copper was sometimes used and also hollowed stone. For the large supply conduits leading to the city the Romans used covered channels with free water surfaces, rather than pipes. Perhaps this choice was a matter of economics, for apparently they could make lead pipes up to 15 inches in diameter. While pipes can follow the profile of undulating ground, with the pressure increasing in the lower areas, channels cannot. They must slope continuously downwards, because water in channels does not normally flow uphill; and the grade must be flat, from 1 in 60 in small channels to perhaps 1 in 3,000 in large ones, to keep the water speed down to a few feet per second. Thus the main supply channels or aqueducts had long lengths of flat grade and where they crossed depressions or valleys they were carried on elevated stone bridges in the form of tiered arches. At the beginning of the Christian era there were over 30 miles of these raised aqueducts in the 250 miles of channels and tunnels bringing water to Rome. The channels were up to 6 feet wide and 5 to 8 feet high. Sometimes channels were later added on the tops of existing ones. The remains of some of these aqueducts still grace the skyline on the outskirts of Rome and elsewhere in Europe similar ruins are found.

Brick and stone drains were constructed in various parts of Rome. The oldest existing one is the Cloaca Maxima which follows the course of an old stream. It dates back at least to the third century B.C. Later the drains were used for sewage, flushed by water from the public baths and fountains, as well as street storm run-off.

The truly surprising aspect of the achievements of all the ancient hydraulic artisans is the lack of theoretical knowledge behind their designs. Apart from the hydrostatics of Archimedes, there was no sound understanding of the most elementary principles of fluid behaviour. Sextus Frontinus, Rome’s water commissioner around A.D. 100, did not fully realize that in order to calculate the volume rate of flow in a channel it is necessary to allow for the speed of the flow as well as the area of cross-section. The Romans’ flow standard was the rate at which water would flow through a bronze pipe roughly 4/3 inch in diameter and 9 inches long. When this pipe was connected to the side of a water-supply pipe or channel as a delivery outlet, it was assumed that the outflow was at the standard rate. In fact, the amount of water delivered depended not only on the cross-sectional area of the outlet pipe but also on the speed of water flowing through it and this speed depended on the pressure in the supply pipe.

The Romansused all of the following to make water pipes EXCEPT()

A.earth

B.wood

C.copper

D.stone

答案

参考答案:B

解析:

这是道细节题。这道题需要注意的是题目问的是除了……之外,所以要找的答案其实是不属于的那个。从文章第一段可以看出B不在答案之列。“The city water pipes in Rome were usually of baked clay or lead;copper was sometimes used and also hollowed stone.”从这句话可以看出没有提到过wood。

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下列材料摘选自《中 * * 党第十八次全国代表大会报告》。阅读材料,结合所学知识回答问题。(共7分)

材料一 以毛 * * 同志为核心的党的第一代中央领导集体带领全党全国各族人民完成了新民主主义革命……确立了社会主义基本制度,成功实现了中国历史上最深刻最伟大的社会变革,为当代中国一切发展进步奠定了根本政治前提和制度基础。在探索过程中,虽然经历了严重曲折,但党在社会主义建设中取得的独创性理论成果和巨大成就,为新的历史时期开创中国特色社会主义提供了宝贵经验、理论准备、物质基础。

(1)根据材料一,概括“中国历史上最深刻最伟大的社会变革”所指的具体内容(1分)

(2)材料一中提到中国在探索社会主义建设道路的过程中“经历了严重曲折”,除了“大跃进”运动和人民公社化运动的严重失误以外,使中国社会主义民主和法制遭到践踏、经济受到严重破坏、文化遭受空前浩劫,给国家和人民带来严重损失的长时期的“左”的错误的名称是什么?(1分)

材料二 以邓 * * 同志为核心的党的第二代中央领导集体带领全党全国各族人民深刻总结我国社会主义建设正反两方面经验,借鉴世界社会主义历史经验,作出把党和国家工作中心转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放的历史性决策,深刻揭示社会主义本质,确立社会主义初级阶段基本路线,明确提出走自己的路、建设中国特色社会主义,科学回答了建设中国特色社会主义的一系列基本问题,成功开创了中国特色社会主义。

(3)中 * * 党“作出把党和国家工作中心转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放的历史性决策”是在哪一次会议上(1分)“确立社会主义初级阶段基本路线”是在哪一次会议上?(1分)中国开始进入社会主义初级阶段是在哪一个?(1分)

(4)20世纪70年代末以来,中国进入了以改革开放和社会主义现代化建设为主要任务的历史新时期。家庭联产承包责任制开创了中国经济改革的先河,请写出全国农村最早实行“包干到户”的地点名称。(1分)1980年,国家决定在广东省、福建省的四个市各划出一定范围的区域,试办集工、农、商、牧、渔、旅游为一体的经济特区,请写出除珠海市、汕头市、厦门市以外的另一个市的名称。(1分)