问题 问答题 论述题

什么是人类中心主义?

答案

参考答案:

人类中心主义是人类最初摆脱因生产力低下而受到大自然困扰后逐渐产生的以自我为中心的观点。根据《韦伯斯特第三次新编国际词典》记载,人类中心主义的概念曾在三个意义上使用:

①人是宇宙的中心;

②人是一切事物的尺度;

③根据人类价值和经验解释或认识世界。人类中心主义是以人的利益和需要为基础的,人类中心主义立场坚持人类是一切价值的焦点,一切价值例证都可归结为对人类价值的贡献,自然界的一切组成部分,充其量只有满足人类利益的工具价值,人类中心主义又可分为强化的人类中心主义和弱化的人类中心主义两种。强化的人类中心主义是以个人感情意愿决定价值,以感性的意愿为价值参照体系,关心人的需要价值,人们能够根据某一客体有人类需要的价值,来评价这种人类偏好的客体,并检验该客体是否能为人们感性的意愿提供满足。他们的利益表明,他们利用自然界,只能采取索取的方式。在其价值体系中,不存在对个人感性的意愿的检查。弱化的人类中心主义其价值的确定取决于理性的意愿的活动结果,理性的意愿有两个要素:一是感性的意愿;二是对感性的意愿过滤的评价体系。

这种对感性意愿的评价有两个伦理根据:

①选择某种世界观或某种哲学观念并创造一种相应的价值判例,并以此作为评价的基础。

②人类的经验是建构价值的基础。因为弱化的人类中心主义,不仅认为感性的意愿有价值,而且也认为用更合理的意向评价和取替感性的意愿的价值形成过程也有价值。无论是强化的人类中心主义,还是弱化的人类中心主义,其共性在于都是人类中心主义的表现形式,都否定把内在价值赋予非人类自然,都只承认自然的工具价值,其差异性在于这种工具在类型上的不同。(叶平著,《回归自然——新世纪的生态伦理》,福建人民出版社,2004年版,第157-164页)。

单项选择题
阅读理解

Water, which covers about 74 percent of the earth’s surface, is man’s most precious resource. Without it we cannot live. Clean water keeps us alive; polluted water means disease and death.Keeping our water pure is by no means an easy task but it is something that must be done.

Hong Kong once prided herself on being the “Fragrant Harbour”. However, these days, it is not certain if Hong Kong’s harbour could still be called “fragrant”. For, like many other places, Hong Kong has not been spared water pollution. A visit to Tolo and Victoria Harbour, or any of the beaches in Hong Kong is enough to make one aware of the ugly truth that Hong Kong waters are indeed polluted.

The great threat to our water is bacteria pollution. Another great source of water pollution is poisonous chemicals. These substances, which are found in industrial waste and agricultural pesticides, make up unseen dangers that enter biological food chains.

Pollution control is a continuing problem for the government. It is believed that the most effective form of control is legislation(立法). Most importantly, the present laws on pollution should be given more force. On the other hand, no amount of legislation can effectively control pollution unless those concerned are properly educated about the danger posed by pollution.

While a great majority of Hong Kong citizens and residents seem to be greatly concerned about ways to control water pollution, it is discouraging to note that there are, in our midst, some people who remain apathetic(无动于衷)about the problem. In a recent radio programme conducted on what people in the streets thought about the water pollution problem, one apparently unconcerned person said, “What do I care about water pollution? I don’t drink polluted water. As long as the water I drink is not polluted, I’m not bothered. Water pollution is too big a problem and let’s leave it to the government.”

If all residents in Hong Kong will take such an indifferent attitude, all the government’s attempts to control pollution, let alone the anti-pollution legislation, will prove useless. The best form of pollution control each citizen can employ is to be aware of his surroundings. We hope that someday, the problem of water pollution in Hong Kong will cease to alarm us.

小题1:By the underlined sentences, the writer wants to show that ______.

A.we should not use polluted water

B.it is our responsibility to keep our water clean and safe

C.clean water is vitally important to the survival of human beings

D.water is abundant but very expensive 小题2:What can you infer from the second paragraph?

A.Hong Kong indeed deserves the name.

B.Hong Kong never deserves such a name.

C.Hong Kong can’t avoid the damage of pollution.

D.Hong Kong has failed to live up to such reputation.小题3:The writer quotes the words in the programme to show us that a block to the solution of the problem is _________.

A.people’s lack of education

B.people’s I-don’t-care attitude

C.people’s wait-and-see attitude

D.people’s over-dependence on the government小题4:In the final analysis, the best approach to the problem of water pollution is ________.

A.legislation

B.rapid development of modern science

C.mass education

D.everybody taking care of his own surroundings