问题 填空题

铁及其化合物在生产、生活中存在广泛用途,完成下列填空。

(1)如图所示为铁元素在周期表中的信息,方格中“55.85”的意义为:     。铁原子核外有       种运动状态不同的电子。

(2)二茂铁[Fe(C5H5)2]是一种有机金属化合物,熔点172℃,沸点249℃,易升华,难溶于水易溶于有机溶剂。二茂铁属于         晶体;测定表明二茂铁中所有氢原子的化学环境都相同,则二茂铁的结构应为图中的    (选填“a”或“b”)。

(3)绿矾(FeSO4·7H2O)可用于治疗缺铁性贫血,其水溶液露置于空气中会变质,

写出发生变质反应的离子方程式              

(4)无水FeCl3是水处理剂,遇潮湿空气即产生白雾,易吸收空气中的水分成为结晶氯化铁(FeCl3·6H2O)。制备无水FeCl3的试剂是               

(5)高铁酸盐也是常用的水处理剂。高铁酸钠(Na2FeO4)可用如下反应制备:

2FeSO4 + 6Na2O2 → 2Na2FeO4 + 2Na2O + 2Na2SO4 + O2↑,若生成2mol Na2FeO4,则反应中电子转移的物质的量为           mol。

(6)高铁酸盐可将水体中的Mn2+氧化为MnO2进行除去,若氧化含 Mn2+ 1mg的水体样本,需要1.2 mg/L高铁酸钾         L。

答案

(1)铁元素的相对原子量(或铁元素的原子量)(1分)    26种(1分)

(2)分子晶体(1分)  b(1分)

(3)12Fe2++ 6H2O + 3O2 → 8 Fe3++ 4Fe(OH)3(2分)

(4)铁和氯气(2分)

(5)10mol(2分)

(6)2 L (2分)

题目分析:(1)55.85表示铁元素的相对原子量(或铁元素的原子量);铁元素核外电子数是26,所以铁原子核外有26种运动状态不同的电子。

(2)二茂铁[Fe(C5H5)2]是一种有机金属化合物,熔点172℃,沸点249℃,易升华,难溶于水易溶于有机溶剂,这说明二茂铁属于分子晶体;由于二茂铁中所有氢原子的化学环境都相同,这说明分子的结构对称,因此二茂铁的结构应为右图中的b。

(3)亚铁离子具有还原性易被氧化,所以发生变质反应的离子方程式为12Fe2++ 6H2O + 3O2 → 8 Fe3++ 4Fe(OH)3

(4)FeCl3遇潮湿空气即产生白雾,易吸收空气中的水分成为结晶氯化铁(FeCl3·6H2O),因此一般不通过复分解反应制备氯化铁,所以制备无水FeCl3的试剂是铁和氯气。

(5)根据反应式可知,反应中铁元素的化合价从+2价升高到+6计算,失去4个电子。另外过氧化钠中氧元素的化合价从-1价升高到0价,失去1个电子,则生成1mol氧气转移2mol电子,所以若生成2mol Na2FeO4,则反应中电子转移的物质的量为2mol×4+2mol=10mol。

(6)反应中锰元素的化合价从+2价升高到+4价,失去2个电子。而铁元素的化合价从+6价降低到+3价,所以根据电子得失守恒可知,若氧化含 Mn2+ 1mg的水体样本,设需要1.2 mg/L高铁酸钾溶液的体积为V,则×3=×2,解得V=2L。

单项选择题
阅读理解

     Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behaviour agree that there is an epidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. “I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep

than they ought to,” says Dr. David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be

better off with more rest.

     The beginning of our sleep-lack crises can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century

ago. From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have

reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. “The best sleep

habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat in their sleep, and they don’t even realize

they’re doing it,” says Dr. David. “They think they’re okay because they can manage with 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally energetic.”

      Perhaps the most cruel robber of sleep, researches say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever

pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least

expensive item on their programme. “In our society, you’re considered energetic if you say you need only 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you have to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition.”

     To determine the consequences of sleep-lack, researchers have put subjects through a set of

psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a

passage read to them only minutes earlier. “We’ve found that if you’re lacking in sleep, performance

suffers,” says Dr. David. “Short-term memory is weakened, so are abilities to make decisions and to

concentrate.”

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. Research on the causes and consequences of sleep-lack.

B. The epidemic of sleepiness in the modern times.

C. The history of people’s sleeping patterns.

D. The minimum of our sleeping hours.

2. Which of the following is Dr. David’s opinion?

A. People who think they are sleeping enough are better off than those who don’t.

B. Some people can remain energetic with only 6.5 hours’ sleep a night.

C. If they get 8.5 hours’ sleep, people will be full of drive and ambition.

D. People’s performance becomes worse if they are lacking in sleep.

3. People in the 18th and 19th centuries slept about 9.5 hours a night because __________.

A. they were forced by their parents to do so

B. they knew what was best for their health

C. they had no electricity

D. they were not so energetic and ambitious as modern people are

4. The major cause of sleep-lack of modern people is _______.

A. the endless TV programmes in the evenings and on the Internet

B. the heavy work load of the day

C. the enough energy modern people usually have

D. loud noises in the modern cities

5. What does the word “subject” in paragraph 4 mean?

A. Person or thing that is being discussed or described.

B. Branch of knowledge studied in a school.

C. Person or thing being treated in a certain way or being experimented on.

D. Any member of a State apart from the supreme ruler.

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