问题 问答题

试述凯末尔改革的内容、性质和意义。

答案

参考答案:

解析:内容: ①政治改革:废除了苏丹制和哈里发制,实行政教分离,宣布成立共和国。 ②法制改革:进行“世俗主义”改革,实行政教分离,颁布资产阶级性质的《民法》、刑法、商法,废除传统的伊斯兰教法规等。 ③经济改革:以“国家主义”为指导思想,鼓励民族工业、建立国营企业、保护关税、严格控制外汇及控制外国投资,发展资本主义废除封建什一税等。 ④文化教育改革:扩大世俗教育,抛弃了宗教精神,树立起土耳其的民族精神;实行文化改革,用拉丁字母取代阿拉伯字母;教育与宗教的分离,是世俗化改革的重要内容,也是教育改革的中心问题。 ⑤社会生活与习俗改革:破除迷信和提倡科学的现代化精神。废除一夫多妻制和伊斯兰教的陈规陋习。废除旧历,采用公元历。采用姓氏,取消了象征封建等级的旧称号和头衔(如帕沙),而代之以贝依 (先生)、贝扬(女士)等新称呼。 (2)性质:具有进步意义的资本主义的社会改革。 (3)意义: 凯末尔改革在政治上废除了政教合一的封建专制的统治,巩固了共和国;在经济上发展了资本主义,巩固了阶级基础;法制上建立了近代法律体制,废除了传统的宗教法规,有利于资本主义的发展;社会和文教方面确立了世俗化的基础。因而凯末尔的现代化和民族化改革,是一次以在政治独立后进行的以“世俗化”为中心的现代化改革,凯末尔改革是凯末尔主义的全面实践,是在政治独立之后向帝国主义威胁和封建神权专制神权影响的主动进攻,它使土耳其走向了民族复兴之路。

阅读理解

Giacomo Puccini was born in 1858 and was a son of a musical director. __ 小题1:    He is remembered as a master of opera.

   小题2:    Many early forerunners of Impressionistic Music including Rimsky-Korsakov, Strauss, Schoenberg and Stravinsky, inspired him greatly.

Turandot, an opera based on an Italian drama by the same name, is by far considered to be one of Puccini’s most popular and most performed works.

It’s a pity that Puccini had no chance to watch his own great opera himself.     小题3:    

In this opera you can hear a traditional Chinese folk song, which is titled Molihua(茉莉花)or Jasmine Flower.     _____小题4:____ Among them the version sung in Jiangsu, a province in south China, is the most popular one. By admiring the jasmine flower, the song celebrates the sweetness and beauty of romantic love.     小题5:    In 1804 the song was published in a book by a British diplomat(外交官), making it the first Chinese folk song that gained popularity outside China.

A.During his music career, Puccini was also influenced by other musicians.

B.At the end of the 18th century, it was first translated into English.

C.Though Puccini received training in various areas of music, his true love was in opera.

D.Puccini’s operas are strong in emotion and conflict.E. Turandot is performed regularly all over the world.

F. The opera was first performed in 1926, two years after Puccini’s death.

G. There are many different versions of Molihua or Jasmine Flower in different parts of China.

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