问题 填空题

在宇宙学中,有一个非常重要的常数,叫做宇宙学常数。这个常数在我们的宇宙中起着一种斥力的作用,使得我们的宇宙加速膨胀。20世纪80年代末,诺贝尔奖获得者、美国理论物理学家温伯格指出,如果宇宙学常数显著地大于它现在所具有的数值,那么它的排斥作用就会过于巨大,以致万有引力根本不可能把物质吸引到一起形成恒星和星系。
据此,一些科学家提出了所谓“人择原理”。也就是说,我们的宇宙为什么是这个样子,那是因为它必须是这个样子,生命才有可能产生,人类才有可能存在。或者说,一些物理常数的数值为什么必须那么大,那是因为只有当它们的数值等于那么大的时候才会有人类存在。
“人择原理”是当代物理学中争论最激烈的问题之一。大多数物理学家认为,在我们的宇宙中,自然规律之所以是这个样子,应该有着某种跟人类毫无关系的深层原因。“人择原理”最激烈的反对者说,这个原理是不科学的,它起着帮助“创世论”的作用,意味着有某个类似于上帝的设计者为最后创造出生命和人类,对即将通过大爆炸生成的宇宙作了细致的调节。
但是,另一些物理学家则为“人择原理”另辟蹊径。他们认为我们的宇宙只不过是许多可能存在着的宇宙中的一个。事实上,许多物理学家和宇宙家已经开始相信我们的宇宙不是独一无二的,而是许许多多宇宙中的一个。按照这种“多重宇宙”思想,有无数不同的宇宙和无数可能的自然规律。它们并非都生成恒星和星系。即使恒星和星系能够生成,它们那里的不同的自然规律也不一定会让恒星制造出那些对于生命来说至关重要的元素。
当然,按照多重宇宙观点,我们的宇宙就不是唯一复杂到足以支持有意识的生命存在的宇宙。英国天文学家里斯认为,在多重宇宙中,数量众多的不适合人类居住的宇宙构成了一个巨大的“海洋”,在这个“海洋”中可能散布着一些“岛屿”,这些“岛屿”被称为“可居住宇宙”。在各个可居住宇宙中,物理常数的数值仅仅略微有些不同,都在允许生命存在的范围之内。我们的宇宙应该是一个普通的可居住宇宙,并无特别之处。
多重宇宙使得“人择原理”成为一种概率原理,从而具有了科学依据。有一种能够把量子力学和广义相对论调和在一起的新理论,叫做弦论。这种理论主张一切物质都由极其细小的弦组成,这些弦具有一定的能量,在十维的时空中进行振动。弦论所描述的宇宙远不止一个,可达10500。个。这是一个我们无法想像的巨大的数字。在这么多的宇宙之中,每个宇宙都有不同的物理特性,可居住宇宙的出现即使只有极其微小的频率,它的绝对数量也必定是一个非常大的数字。
诚然,弦论是一种尚未被实验和观测证实的理论。可是,且不说弦论,实际上里斯走得比这更远。他认为在那些可居住宇宙的“岛屿”上,确定基本物理学和宇宙学状况的物理常数也许可以与我们的宇宙有很大差别。例如,它们或许有更重的电子,或许由一次较冷的大爆炸演化而来,或许光会以较低的速度传播,或许万有引力会更强大。如果真是这样,那可居住宇宙出现的概率就大多了,但它们相互之间的差别也就十分巨大。
(节选自王家骥《别样宇宙花亦红》,略有改动。)

从原文看,下列对“人择原理”有关内容的解说,不正确的一项是( )。

A.“人择原理”是一种以物理学为依据试图解释我们的宇宙生命诞生原因的理论

B.“人择原理”认为我们的宇宙的自然规律与生命产生、人类存在之间有必然关系

C.“人择原理”符合多重宇宙理论观点,是用以解释可居住宇宙的普遍适用的原理

D.“人择原理”受到指责的一个重要原因,是它很容易被持“创世论”观点的人利用

答案

参考答案:C

解析: 该题难度较小,“普遍适用”是夸大其词。

单项选择题
阅读理解

A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms, though my teacher stressed the importance again and again. But soon, the importance of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.

One day, I happened to meet an Englishman on the road, and soon we began to talk. As I was talking about how I was studying English, the foreigner seemed to be astonished. Gently shaking his head and shrugging his shoulders, he said, “You don’t say!” “You don’t say!” I was puzzled. I thought, perhaps this is not a proper topic. “Well, I’d better change the topic.” So I said to him, “Well, shall we talk about the Great Wall? By the way, have you ever been there?” “Certainly, everyone back home will laugh at me if I leave China without seeing it. It was wonderful.” He was deep in thought when I began to talk like a tourist guide. “The Great Wall is one of the wonders in the world. We are very proud of it”. Soon I was interrupted again by his words:“You don’t say!” I couldn’t help asking, “Why do you ask me not to talk about it?” “Well, I didn’t request you to do so,” he answered, greatly surprised. I said, “Didn’t you say ‘you don’t say’?” Hearing this, the Englishman laughed to tears. He began to explain, “‘You don’t say’ actually means ‘really?’ It is an expression of surprise. Perhaps you don’t pay attention to English idioms.” Only then did I know I had made a fool of myself. Since then I have been more careful with idiomatic expressions.

Always remember: what the English teachers say is always right to us students.

小题1:A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms because _______.

A.I didn’t have the slightest interest in them

B.English idioms are not important

C.My teacher didn’t emphasize the importance of them

D.I was not careful with English idioms小题2:At first, on hearing “You don’t say,” I thought the foreigner meant _______ .

A.I had talked too much

B.he was not interested in the topic

C.he was only interested in the Great Wall

D.he had something to tell me小题3:Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A.The Englishman left China without seeing the Great Wall.

B.The Englishman wanted to see the Great Wall after I talked about it.

C.The Englishman wanted me to act as his guide.

D.The Englishman visited the Great Wall and thought it worth visiting.小题4:After the Englishman explained the idiom, _______. 

A.I felt very silly

B.the Englishman became a real fool

C.I thought he had made me a fool

D.I became more careful in everything