问题 问答题

简述商代经济文化方面的主要成就。

答案

参考答案:(1)经济方面的主要成就:
农业是商代的主要生产部门,多以集体耕作的方式进行。当时,农业生产工具石器最多,骨器和蚌器比较常见,木器偶有发现,青铜农具已开始使用,但为数很少。商代种植的谷类作物以黍、稷为主,此外还有桑、麻等经济作物。商代的农业生产技术有了长足的进步,在长期的农业生产实践中,掌握了从播种前的准备工作直到田间管理、收获、贮存等一整套的技术。商代的畜牧业也比较发达,马、牛、羊、犬、猪、鸡等的饲养非常普遍,且已用圈栏饲养家畜。渔猎在商代的社会经济生活中是农业和畜牧业经济的一种补充。当时的渔猎工具形式多样,捕鱼和狩猎的方法非常多。
商代创造了灿烂辉煌的青铜文明,青铜铸造业是商代最重要的手工业部门。当时青铜器的铸造已广泛使用多种形式的合范分铸法。商代青铜器物,特别是礼器,大都造型美观,文饰工巧。各种青铜器上以带有神秘意味的“饕餮纹”作为整个花纹的主体,其他如云雷纹等点缀其间,壮丽大方。兵器和工具大都坚固锋利,使用方便。此外还有车马器、乐器。
商代出现的用高岭土制作的青釉器,已经具备了瓷器的基本特点。一些商代青铜器的表面常粘附有丝织物的痕迹,其中菱形纹的暗花绸,表明当时已有了提花装置的织机。髹漆工艺在商代得到了较多的应用。商代的雕刻造型生动,工艺精湛。
随着手工业内部的分工,专门生产某种产品的作坊的兴起,商品交换成为必然,商业活动也应运而生。商代比较通行的货币叫“贝”,主要是海贝,流通时大都以朋为计算单位,五贝连成一串,合两串为一朋。由于历史条件的限制,商代商业的发展还是有限的,商业在社会经济中所占比重很小。
(2)科学文化方面的主要,成就:
商代的文字有陶文、玉石文、金文和甲骨文几种,以晚商的甲骨文最丰富。商代的甲骨文已经具备了汉字结构的基本形式,是一种发展到成熟阶段的文字。商代已有比较丰富的文献典籍。由占卜积累的大量甲骨卜辞,是当时文献记录的一部分。还有专职的官吏“作册”,收藏有不少的典籍。
商代继承了重视天象观测的传统,殷墟卜辞就有不少关于天象的记录。商代历法受到农业生产发展需要的推动,比夏代又前进了一大步,已经采用“阴阳合历”,这在我国一直沿用了几千年,形成了具有我国特色的历法制度体系。
商代的雕塑艺术颇具特色,其形式有陶塑和玉石雕塑,既有平面浮雕,又有浅雕和半立体浮雕。商代音乐已经有了半音、标准音的观念。半音音程的出现,为十二律的出现准备了条件。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Most people want to make friends. And the following steps may help you.

     Be friendly. You need to be friendly so that people feel good when they are with you. You should often use

body language to make them know that you are friendly. Smile and laugh often.

     Be a good listener. Listen carefully when people are talking, remember important things about them (their

names, their likes and dislikes), and just take time to learn more about them.

     The steps above are useful for making new friends. But how about making lifelong (毕生的) friends?

     Be trustworthy (可信赖的). The key to being a good friend is to keep secrets (秘密). If other people ask

you to keep something a secret, you should not tell anyone else about it. When you say you'll do something,

be sure to do it.

     Be there. If a friend needs help, or if he or she just need a shoulder (肩膀) to cry on, be there.

1. Smiling and laughing is a best way to show that you are _____ others.

A. friendly to

B. interested in

C. happy with

2. A good listener can _____ information.

A. talk with others and learn useful

B. listen carefully and ask about

C. listen carefully and remember useful

3. If you _____, you will lose this friend.

A. don't smile or laugh to your friend

B. tell your friend's secret to others

C. don't listen to your friend carefully .

4. "Be there" probably means "_____".

A. Go there

B. Stay there

C. Be ready to help

5. The best title (题目) probable be "_____".

A. How to make friends

B. How to know friends

C. How to show yourself

选择题