问题 问答题

材料一:文王子孙,本支百世。
——《诗·大雅》
材料二:大邦围屏,大宗维翰,怀德维宁,宗子维城。
——《诗·大雅》
材料三: 师服曰: “吾闻国家之立也,本大而末小,是以能固。故天子建国,诸侯立家,卿置侧室,大夫有二宗,士有隶子弟,士农工商各有分亲, 皆有等衰。是以民服其上,而下无觊觎。”
——《左传·桓公二年》
材料四:别子为祖,继别为宗,继祢为小宗,有五世而迁之宗,其继高祖者也。是故祖迁于上, 宗易于下。尊祖故敬宗,敬宗所以尊祖祢也。庶子不祭祖者,明其宗也。
——《礼记·丧服小记》
材料五:立嫡以长不以贤,立于以贵不以长。
——《公羊传·隐公元年》
请回答:(1)上述材料反映的是什么制度
(2)简要评述这一制度。

答案

参考答案:宗法制度。
(2)宗法就是宗族之法。处理宗族内部成员间的亲疏、等级和世袭权利的制度,便是宗法制。宗法制以血缘关系为基础,它起源于氏族社会,是由父家长制演变来的。宗法制形成于商末,西周时得到充分发展,达到完备的程度。
宗法制的具体内容大致是:周天子为天子大宗,王位由嫡长子继承。别子(王的其他儿子)为小宗,受封为诸侯。诸侯在其封国内则为大宗,其权位亦由嫡长子继承;别子为小宗,封为卿大夫。卿大夫在其采邑为大宗,权位由嫡长子继承;别子为小宗,封为士。士亦由嫡长子继承,别子不再分封,为平民。宗法制通行于百姓贵族,而以姬姓宗族为首。姬姓贵族与异姓贵族之间通过婚姻结成甥舅关系,也包含在宗法制范围内,成为宗法制的组成部分。简言之,从天子到士都实行了嫡长子继承,别子分封,这是宗法制的特征。
宗法制规定,嫡长子为宗子,具有绝对的继承权,别子只能接受宗子的分封。按照这个原则分配权力和财产,避免了贵族子孙之间的矛盾冲突。所以,宗法制是分封制得以实行的理论基础,其本质不在于区分血统关系,而在于确定权力和财产的分配原则,稳定奴隶制的统治秩序。它和分封制相结合,构成了奴隶制的等级制度。它以“尊祖”、“敬宗”为信条,严格规定了自下而上应该承担的义务,建立起了一个金字塔式的统治网,从而确保了周天子天下大宗和政治共主的地位,宗法制将宗族关系和政治关系相结合,以族权强化 * * ,从而加强了奴隶主贵族的统治。

单项选择题

Passage Two

In 1998 consumers could purchase virtually anything over the Internet. Books, compact discs, and even stocks were available from World Wide Web sites that seemed to spring up almost daily. A few years earlier, some people had predicted that consumers accustomed to shopping in stores would be reluctant to buy things that they could not see or touch in person. For a growing number of time-starved consumers, however, shopping from their home computer was proving to be a convenient alternative to driving to the store.
A research estimated that in 1998 U.S. consumers would purchase $ 7.3 billion of goods over the Internet, double the 1997 total. Finding a bargain was getting easier, owing to the rise of online auctions and Web sites that did comparison shopping on the Internet for the best deal.
For all the consumer interest, retailing in cyberspace was still a largely unprofitable business, however. Internet pioneer Amazon. com, which began selling books in 1995 and later branched into recorded music and videos, posted revenue of $153.7 million in the third quarter, up from $ 37.9 million in the same period of 1997.Overall, however, the company’s loss widened to $ 45.2 million from $ 9.6 million, and analysts did not expect the company to turn a profit until 2003.Despite the great loss, Amazon com had a stock market value of many billions, reflecting investors’ optimism about the future of the industry.
Internet retailing appealed to investors because it provided an efficient means for reaching millions of consumers without having the cost of operating conventional stores with their armies of salespeople. Selling online carried its own risks, however. With so many companies competing for consumers’ attention, price competition was intense and profit margins thin or nonexistent. One video retailer sold the hit movie Titanic for $ 9.99, undercutting (削价) the $19.99 suggested retail price and losing about $ 6 on each copy sold.With Internet retailing still in its initial stage, companies seemed willing to absorb such losses in an attempt to establish a dominant market position.

It can be inferred from the passage that Amazon. com______.

A.is making a profit now

B.will probably make a profit in 2003

C.is a company that sells books only

D.suffers a great loss on the stock market

问答题